# 0133 — assigning a struct LITERAL to a union member panics ("unresolved type reached LLVM emission")

> **RESOLVED (2026-06-13).** Root cause: `lowerAssignment`'s `.field_access`
> target-type path used `getStructFields`, which returns nothing for a
> `union`, so a union-member LHS never set `target_type` and the RHS struct
> literal lowered as `.unresolved` → LLVM-emission tripwire. Fix: a single
> pure field-matching resolver `fieldLvalueResolve` (in `src/ir/lower/stmt.zig`)
> that both `fieldLvaluePtr` (builds GEPs) and the target-type path
> (`res.valueType()`) consume — covering union direct + promoted members,
> tuple/vector lanes, and structs, so the lvalue-pointer path and the
> target-type path can't diverge. Landing this required first fixing the
> latent [issue 0135](0135-xx-pack-index-protocol-erasure-lowers-pack-as-value.md)
> (the unified resolver newly types tuple-element LHSs, which routed
> `examples/0540`'s `c.sources.0 = xx sources[0]` through pack-index protocol
> erasure). Regression test:
> [examples/0184-types-union-member-struct-literal-assign.sx](../examples/0184-types-union-member-struct-literal-assign.sx).
> The § Confirmed fix block below records the exact patch that landed.

## Symptom

One-line: `u.b = .{ ... }` where `b` is a NAMED-struct member of a plain
`union` compiles to an `.unresolved`-typed `struct_init` and trips the
LLVM-emission tripwire. The RHS struct literal never receives its target
type (the union member's type), so it lowers as `.unresolved`.

- **Observed:** `thread … panic: unresolved type reached LLVM emission —
  a type resolution failure was not diagnosed/aborted`
  (`src/backend/llvm/types.zig:176`), reached from
  `emitStructInit` (`src/backend/llvm/ops.zig:1211`) because the
  `struct_init` instruction's `ty` is `.unresolved`.
- **Expected:** the literal types itself as the union member's struct type
  (here `S`) and stores into the member — exactly as it already does when
  the left-hand side is a STRUCT field.

This is PRE-EXISTING (reproduces on `master` / before any issue-0132
work) and ORTHOGONAL to type-name resolution: it reproduces with a
unique, non-colliding type name. Surfaced while testing issue 0132's
broader-latent fix (making enum/union payload registration
visibility-aware) — that fix makes a *colliding*-name union member
resolve to the correct type, at which point this separate codegen bug is
what blocks the end-to-end union case.

## Reproduction

Minimal, standalone (only `modules/std.sx`):

```sx
#import "modules/std.sx";

S :: struct { code: i64; }
U :: union { a: i64; b: S; }

main :: () {
    u : U = ---;
    u.b = .{ code = 9 };          // <-- panics: struct literal has no target type
    print("code={}\n", u.b.code);
}
```

Run: `./zig-out/bin/sx run issues/0133-union-member-struct-literal-assign-unresolved-panic.sx`
→ panics today; the fix should make it print `code=9`, exit 0.

### Bisection (what does / does not trigger it)

| Variant | Result |
|---|---|
| `u.b = .{ code = 9 }` (union member ← struct LITERAL) | **PANICS** |
| `o.b = .{ code = 9 }` where `o : Outer = struct { a; b: S }` (STRUCT member ← literal) | **OK** |
| `s : S = .{ code = 9 }; u.b = s` (union member ← pre-made value) | **OK** |
| `u : U = ---` then only read (no literal assign) | **OK** |

So the trigger is exactly the conjunction **(LHS is a union member) AND
(RHS is a struct literal)**. A struct-field LHS propagates the target
type to the literal; a pre-made value needs no target type. Only the
union-member-lvalue + literal-RHS combination drops it.

## Investigation prompt

> Assigning a struct literal to a NAMED-struct member of a plain `union`
> panics with "unresolved type reached LLVM emission". Repro:
> `issues/0133-union-member-struct-literal-assign-unresolved-panic.sx`
> (expect a panic today; the fix should make it print `code=9`, exit 0).
>
> The `struct_init` instruction for the RHS literal `.{ code = 9 }` has
> `ty == .unresolved` — the literal was lowered without a target type, so
> it could not resolve to the union member's struct type `S`. The panic
> is the codegen tripwire in `src/backend/llvm/types.zig:176`
> (`toLLVMTypeInfo`), reached from `emitStructInit`
> (`src/backend/llvm/ops.zig:1211`).
>
> Root area: assignment lowering in `src/ir/lower.zig` —
> `lowerAssignment`'s `.field_access` target path. Issue 0094 already
> routes the lvalue POINTER through the shared `fieldLvaluePtr` (which
> correctly resolves union/tagged-union direct members — that's why a
> pre-made value stores fine). The gap is the RHS TARGET TYPE: for a
> STRUCT-field LHS the code sets `self.target_type` to the field's type
> before lowering the RHS (so a struct literal types itself), but for a
> UNION-member LHS that target-type propagation is missing, so the
> literal lowers under a null/unresolved target → `struct_init.ty ==
> .unresolved`.
>
> Suspected fix: before lowering the RHS expression in
> `lowerAssignment`'s field-access path, compute the LHS member's type
> for union / tagged-union members too (reuse the same member-type lookup
> `fieldLvaluePtr` already performs — ideally have it RETURN the resolved
> field type, or factor a `fieldLvalueType` helper, so the lvalue-pointer
> path and the target-type path cannot diverge — the two-resolver defect
> class this codebase keeps burning on) and set `self.target_type` to it
> for the RHS lowering. Do NOT paper over with an `.unresolved`→default;
> per CLAUDE.md, resolve the real member type or emit a diagnostic.
>
> Verification: the repro prints `code=9` exit 0; then `zig build &&
> zig build test` green. Add positive coverage (a union member written
> via struct literal, then read back) — extend
> `examples/0166-types-union-promoted-member-lvalue.sx` or add a new
> `examples/01xx-types-union-member-struct-literal-assign.sx`. When
> resolved, also note in issue 0132 that the broader-latent union case is
> now demonstrable end-to-end.

## Confirmed fix (landed)

Root cause confirmed exactly as the investigation prompt hypothesized: the
target-type path in `lowerAssignment`'s `.field_access` case used
`getStructFields`, which returns `&.{}` for a `union` (only `.@"struct"` is
handled). So a union-member LHS never set `self.target_type`, and the RHS
struct literal lowered with no target → `struct_init.ty == .unresolved` →
LLVM-emission tripwire.

The fix unifies the resolver (per this issue's prompt — "factor a
`fieldLvalueType` helper … so the lvalue-pointer path and the target-type
path cannot diverge"): a pure `fieldLvalueResolve(obj_ty, field)
-> ?FieldResolution` matcher that both `fieldLvaluePtr` (builds GEPs) and the
target-type path (`res.valueType()`) consume. With it, the 0133 union repro
prints `code=9`, exit 0.

**Why it was blocked on 0135:** the unified matcher also resolves *tuple
element* LHS types (not just structs, as the old `getStructFields` path did).
That makes `c.sources.0 = xx sources[0]` in
`examples/0540-packs-pack-type-arg-spread.sx` set `target_type = VL(i64)`,
routing `xx sources[0]` through `buildProtocolErasure` →
`lowerExprAsPtr(sources[0])` → the pre-existing pack-index-address-of bug
(issue 0135). Narrowing the fix to dodge tuples would reintroduce the
two-resolver divergence this issue explicitly set out to remove — i.e. a
workaround — so 0135 was fixed first, then this landed unchanged.

The patch that landed (`src/ir/lower.zig` + `src/ir/lower/stmt.zig`):

```diff
diff --git a/src/ir/lower.zig b/src/ir/lower.zig
--- a/src/ir/lower.zig
+++ b/src/ir/lower.zig
@@ pub const Lowering = struct {
     pub const lowerAssignment = lower_stmt.lowerAssignment;
+    pub const fieldLvalueResolve = lower_stmt.fieldLvalueResolve;
     pub const fieldLvaluePtr = lower_stmt.fieldLvaluePtr;
```

In `src/ir/lower/stmt.zig`, replace the struct-only target-type loop in
`lowerAssignment`'s `.field_access` branch:

```diff
-            if (!obj_ty.isBuiltin()) {
-                const field_name_id = self.module.types.internString(fa.field);
-                const struct_fields = self.getStructFields(obj_ty);
-                for (struct_fields) |f| {
-                    if (f.name == field_name_id) {
-                        self.target_type = f.ty;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+            // Resolve the LHS member's type via the SAME resolver the lvalue-
+            // pointer path uses (fieldLvalueResolve), so the RHS target type
+            // and the store slot can't diverge. Covers union/tagged-union
+            // direct + promoted members, tuple/vector lanes, and structs —
+            // not just structs (a plain getStructFields loop returned nothing
+            // for a union member, leaving a struct-literal RHS untyped →
+            // struct_init.ty == .unresolved → LLVM-emission panic; issue 0133).
+            if (self.fieldLvalueResolve(obj_ty, fa.field)) |res| {
+                self.target_type = res.valueType();
+            }
```

Then refactor `fieldLvaluePtr` into a pure `FieldResolution` matcher
(`fieldLvalueResolve`) + a thin GEP-builder. Full hunk:

```zig
const FieldResolution = union(enum) {
    union_direct: struct { index: u32, ty: TypeId },
    union_promoted: struct { variant_index: u32, variant_ty: TypeId, member_index: u32, ty: TypeId },
    indexed: struct { index: u32, ty: TypeId },

    fn valueType(self: FieldResolution) TypeId {
        return switch (self) {
            .union_direct => |u| u.ty,
            .union_promoted => |u| u.ty,
            .indexed => |s| s.ty,
        };
    }
};

pub fn fieldLvalueResolve(self: *Lowering, obj_ty: TypeId, field: []const u8) ?FieldResolution {
    if (obj_ty.isBuiltin()) return null;
    const field_name_id = self.module.types.internString(field);
    const type_info = self.module.types.get(obj_ty);

    const union_fields: ?[]const types.TypeInfo.StructInfo.Field = switch (type_info) {
        .@"union" => |u| u.fields,
        .tagged_union => |u| u.fields,
        else => null,
    };
    if (union_fields) |fields| {
        for (fields, 0..) |f, i| {
            if (f.name == field_name_id) {
                return .{ .union_direct = .{ .index = @intCast(i), .ty = f.ty } };
            }
            if (!f.ty.isBuiltin()) {
                const fi = self.module.types.get(f.ty);
                if (fi == .@"struct") {
                    for (fi.@"struct".fields, 0..) |sf, si| {
                        if (sf.name == field_name_id) {
                            return .{ .union_promoted = .{ .variant_index = @intCast(i), .variant_ty = f.ty, .member_index = @intCast(si), .ty = sf.ty } };
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    if (type_info == .tuple) {
        const tup = type_info.tuple;
        var elem_idx: ?usize = null;
        if (std.fmt.parseInt(usize, field, 10)) |n| {
            if (n < tup.fields.len) elem_idx = n;
        } else |_| {
            if (tup.names) |names| {
                for (names, 0..) |nm, i| {
                    if (nm == field_name_id and i < tup.fields.len) {
                        elem_idx = i;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (elem_idx) |idx| {
            return .{ .indexed = .{ .index = @intCast(idx), .ty = tup.fields[idx] } };
        }
        return null;
    }

    if (type_info == .vector) {
        const vidx = Lowering.vectorLaneIndex(field) orelse return null;
        return .{ .indexed = .{ .index = vidx, .ty = type_info.vector.element } };
    }

    const struct_fields = self.getStructFields(obj_ty);
    for (struct_fields, 0..) |f, i| {
        if (f.name == field_name_id) {
            return .{ .indexed = .{ .index = @intCast(i), .ty = f.ty } };
        }
    }
    return null;
}

pub fn fieldLvaluePtr(self: *Lowering, obj_ptr: Ref, obj_ty: TypeId, field: []const u8) ?FieldLvalue {
    const res = self.fieldLvalueResolve(obj_ty, field) orelse return null;
    switch (res) {
        .union_direct => |u| {
            const ptr = self.builder.emit(.{ .union_gep = .{ .base = obj_ptr, .field_index = u.index, .base_type = obj_ty } }, self.module.types.ptrTo(u.ty));
            return .{ .ptr = ptr, .ty = u.ty };
        },
        .union_promoted => |u| {
            const ug = self.builder.emit(.{ .union_gep = .{ .base = obj_ptr, .field_index = u.variant_index, .base_type = obj_ty } }, self.module.types.ptrTo(u.variant_ty));
            const ptr = self.builder.structGepTyped(ug, u.member_index, self.module.types.ptrTo(u.ty), u.variant_ty);
            return .{ .ptr = ptr, .ty = u.ty };
        },
        .indexed => |s| {
            const ptr = self.builder.structGepTyped(obj_ptr, s.index, self.module.types.ptrTo(s.ty), obj_ty);
            return .{ .ptr = ptr, .ty = s.ty };
        },
    }
}
```

(`fieldLvalueResolve` is also registered on `Lowering` in `lower.zig` — the
first diff hunk above.) Landed after 0135; the repro moved to
`examples/0184-types-union-member-struct-literal-assign.sx` and
`examples/0540` stays green.

## Notes

- Tripwire site (symptom): `src/backend/llvm/types.zig:176`
  (`toLLVMTypeInfo`, `.unresolved` arm) via `emitStructInit`
  (`src/backend/llvm/ops.zig:1211`).
- Root area (cause): `Lowering.lowerAssignment` `.field_access` target
  path in `src/ir/lower.zig` — RHS target-type not set for union/
  tagged-union members.
- Related but distinct: issue 0094 (RESOLVED) fixed the lvalue-POINTER
  field resolution (missing-field panic + `.i64`/field-0 defaults). This
  issue is the RHS-literal TARGET-TYPE path, which 0094 did not touch.
