feat: parenthesized type grouping — (T) groups, (T,) is a 1-tuple (issue 0177)

In type position, parentheses now mirror value position: (T) (a single
unnamed element, no trailing comma) is a GROUPING that resolves to the
inner type; (T,) is a 1-tuple; (A, B) a 2-tuple; named (x: T) and spread
(..Ts) stay tuples; (...) -> R stays a function type. This lets a
closure/optional/function type be parenthesized for readability without
silently becoming a 1-tuple:
  [1](Closure(i64,i64) -> i64)   // array of closures (issue 0177) -> 7
  ?(?i64)                        // genuine nested optional (issue 0165 intent)

Parser: src/parser.zig returns the inner node for a single unnamed
non-spread no-trailing-comma parenthesized type. formatTypeName (both
generic.zig diagnostics + types.zig reflection) now render a 1-tuple as
(T,) so the spelling is unambiguous and diagnostics are self-consistent.
The 0165 coerce/stmt note reworded accordingly.

specs.md §Type Syntax updated; basic/0036 wrap return -> (i64,); obsolete
diagnostic 1195 removed (?(?i64) now compiles); regression
examples/types/0201-types-parenthesized-type-grouping.sx added; 0414 .ir
golden regenerated for the (T,) rendering. Resolves 0177; updates
0165/0170. Verified by 3 adversarial reviews; suite 792/0.

examples/basic/0036-basic-ufcs-aliases.sx

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ main :: () {
         print("{}\n", a);                // 2
         print("{}\n", b);                // 1
 
-        wrap :: (x: i64) -> (i64) { (x,) }
+        wrap :: (x: i64) -> (i64,) { (x,) }   // 1-tuple needs trailing comma; (i64) groups
         t := wrap(99);
         print("{}\n", t.0);             // 99
     }

examples/diagnostics/1195-diagnostics-err-parenthesized-optional-tuple.sx

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// `?(?i64)` is `optional` wrapping the SINGLE-FIELD TUPLE `(?i64)` — in type
-// position `(T)` is a 1-tuple, not a grouping (specs.md §"Tuple Types"). So
-// assigning a bare `?i64` value to a `?(?i64)` slot is a type mismatch: the
-// optional's payload is the tuple `(?i64)`, not `?i64`.
-//
-// Regression (issue 0165): this used to silently lower to a malformed
-// `insertvalue { {{i64,i1}}, i1 }` that aborted the LLVM verifier. It now
-// produces a clean diagnostic naming the payload type and pointing at the
-// parens-are-a-tuple gotcha. (To write a genuine nested optional, alias the
-// inner one: `Opt :: ?i64; x : ?Opt = ...` — see
-// examples/optionals/0911-nested-optional-via-alias.sx.)
-#import "modules/std.sx";
-
-main :: () {
-  inner : ?i64 = 5;
-  outer : ?(?i64) = inner;
-  print("unreachable\n");
-}

examples/diagnostics/expected/1195-diagnostics-err-parenthesized-optional-tuple.exit

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-1

examples/diagnostics/expected/1195-diagnostics-err-parenthesized-optional-tuple.stderr

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-error: cannot assign a value of type '?i64' to optional '?(?i64)': its payload type is '(?i64)' (note: in type position '(T)' is a single-field tuple, not a grouping — write the inner optional without parentheses)
-  --> examples/diagnostics/1195-diagnostics-err-parenthesized-optional-tuple.sx:16:3
-   |
-16 |   outer : ?(?i64) = inner;
-   |   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

examples/types/0201-types-parenthesized-type-grouping.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Parenthesized type grouping: in type position `(T)` (single element, no
+// trailing comma) is a GROUPING that resolves to the inner type — mirroring
+// value position where `(expr)` groups and `(expr,)` is a 1-tuple. A 1-tuple
+// type requires the trailing comma `(T,)`; `(A, B)` is a 2-tuple.
+//
+// This lets a closure/optional type be parenthesized for readability:
+//   [1](Closure(i64,i64) -> i64)   // array of closures (grouped element type)
+//   ?(?i64)                        // nested optional
+// without the parens silently turning it into a 1-tuple.
+
+#import "modules/std.sx";
+
+add :: (a: i64, b: i64) -> i64 { return a + b; }
+
+main :: () {
+    // `(i64)` groups to `i64`.
+    g : (i64) = 7;
+    print("{}\n", g);                 // 7
+    // `((i64))` groups twice.
+    gg : ((i64)) = 8;
+    print("{}\n", gg);                // 8
+
+    // `?(?i64)` is a genuine nested optional (grouping, not a 1-tuple).
+    no : ?(?i64) = 5;
+    print("{}\n", no!!);              // 5
+
+    // Parenthesized closure element type → array of callable closures.
+    fns : [1](Closure(i64, i64) -> i64) = .[ add ];
+    print("{}\n", fns[0](3, 4));      // 7
+
+    // A 1-tuple type still requires the trailing comma.
+    one : (i64,) = (9,);
+    print("{}\n", one.0);             // 9
+
+    // A 2-tuple is unaffected.
+    two : (i64, i64) = (40, 2);
+    print("{}\n", two.0 + two.1);     // 42
+}

examples/types/expected/0201-types-parenthesized-type-grouping.exit

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0

examples/types/expected/0201-types-parenthesized-type-grouping.stdout

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+7
+8
+5
+7
+9
+42

issues/0165-parenthesized-nested-optional-malformed.md

@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@
 > Genuine nested optionals via alias (`Opt :: ?i64; ?Opt`) work and round-trip.
 > Regressions: `examples/optionals/0911-nested-optional-via-alias.sx`,
 > `examples/diagnostics/1195-diagnostics-err-parenthesized-optional-tuple.sx`.
+> **UPDATE (grouping):** `(T)` in type position is now a GROUPING, not a
+> 1-tuple, so `?(?i64)` is a genuine NESTED OPTIONAL and compiles (what this
+> issue originally wanted). The coerce guard now only fires for an explicit
+> 1-tuple child `?(T,)` mismatch (note reworded). The obsolete diagnostic
+> example 1195 was removed; see `examples/types/0201-types-parenthesized-type-grouping.sx`.
 > Verified by 3 adversarial reviews. (A review noted `?any` over-rejection;
 > that turned out to be a casing non-bug — lowercase `any` is an undefined name,
 > the type is `Any`; see 0171, closed NOT-A-BUG.)

issues/0170-closure-optional-layout-truncated.md

@@ -16,6 +16,12 @@
 > `examples/closures/0311-closures-optional-closure.sx`. (Adjacent pre-existing
 > bug found + filed: 0177 — array-element closure direct call `fns[i](args)`
 > crashes.)
+>
+> **UPDATE (grouping):** with parenthesized-type grouping now in place,
+> `?(() -> void)` parses as optional-of-(bare function pointer) `() -> void`,
+> not a tuple-optional; assigning a closure literal to it correctly diagnoses the
+> closure-vs-bare-fnptr mismatch (use `?Closure() -> void`). The `g!()`
+> call-through fix here is unchanged and still correct for `?Closure(...)`.
 
 ## Symptom
 

issues/0177-array-element-closure-direct-call-crashes.md

@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 # 0177 — calling a closure stored in an array element directly (`fns[i](args)`) crashes / miscompiles
 
+> **RESOLVED via parenthesized-type grouping.** The repro
+> `[1](Closure(i64,i64) -> i64) = .[ add ]` was not an array of closures — under
+> the old rule `(Closure(...) -> R)` was a 1-tuple, so it was an array of
+> 1-tuples and `fns[0](...)` tried to call a tuple → LLVM "Called function must
+> be a pointer!". Per the user's direction, parentheses in TYPE position are now
+> a GROUPING (mirroring value position): `(T)` (no trailing comma) resolves to
+> the inner type, `(T,)` is the 1-tuple. So `[1](Closure(...) -> R)` is now an
+> array of closures and `fns[0](3,4)` returns `7`. (The canonical non-paren
+> `[1]Closure(...) -> R = .[ add ]` already worked.) Implemented in
+> `src/parser.zig` (single unnamed non-spread element, no trailing comma →
+> return the inner type node). Regression:
+> `examples/types/0201-types-parenthesized-type-grouping.sx`. specs.md §Type
+> Syntax updated. Verified by 3 adversarial reviews; suite 792/0.
+
 ## Symptom
 
 A closure (or `Closure(...)`-typed value) stored in an array, called DIRECTLY via

specs.md

@@ -840,13 +840,22 @@ zeroed : (i32, i32) = ---;    // zero-initialized tuple
 Note: In value position, `(expr)` without a comma is a grouping expression, not a tuple. Use `(expr,)` for a 1-tuple value.
 
 #### Type Syntax
-In type position, `(T)` is always a tuple type — no trailing comma needed. The `->` arrow disambiguates function types from tuple types:
+In type position, parentheses mirror value position: `(T)` (a single element, no
+trailing comma) is a **grouping** that resolves to the inner type `T`, while
+`(T,)` (trailing comma) is a 1-tuple. `(A, B)` is a 2-tuple. The `->` arrow
+disambiguates function types from grouped/tuple types:
 ```sx
-(i64)            // tuple type with one field
+(i64)            // grouping: resolves to i64 (NOT a tuple)
+(i64,)           // tuple type with one field
 (i64, i64)       // tuple type with two fields
 (i64) -> i64     // function type: takes i64, returns i64
 (i64, i64) -> i64  // function type: takes two i64, returns i64
+?(?i64)          // grouping → a genuine nested optional
+[1](Closure(i64,i64) -> i64)  // grouping → array of one closure
 ```
+Grouping lets a closure/optional/function type be parenthesized for readability
+without silently becoming a 1-tuple. A named single element `(x: T)` stays a
+(named) tuple.
 
 #### Field Access
 ```sx
@@ -859,7 +868,7 @@ named.0;     // 10 — numeric index also works on named tuples
 #### As Return Type
 ```sx
 swap :: (a: i64, b: i64) -> (i64, i64) { (b, a); }
-wrap :: (x: i64) -> (i64) { (x,); }
+wrap :: (x: i64) -> (i64,) { (x,); }   // 1-tuple return needs the trailing comma
 
 s := swap(1, 2);  // s.0 = 2, s.1 = 1
 t := wrap(42);    // t.0 = 42

src/ir/lower/coerce.zig

@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ pub fn coerceMode(self: *Lowering, val: Ref, src_ty: TypeId, dst_ty: TypeId, mod
                     // actually IS a tuple (the `?(?T)` typo); for any other
                     // mismatch the parens note would be misleading.
                     const note: []const u8 = if (self.module.types.get(child_ty) == .tuple)
-                        " (note: in type position '(T)' is a single-field tuple, not a grouping — write the inner optional without parentheses)"
+                        " (note: '(T,)' with a trailing comma is a 1-tuple; '(T)' without a comma groups to the inner type)"
                     else
                         "";
                     d.addFmt(.err, ast.Span{ .start = cs.start, .end = cs.end }, "cannot wrap a value of type '{s}' into optional '{s}': its payload type is '{s}'{s}", .{ self.formatTypeName(src_ty), self.formatTypeName(dst_ty), self.formatTypeName(child_ty), note });

src/ir/lower/generic.zig

@@ -570,6 +570,10 @@ pub fn formatTypeName(self: *Lowering, ty: TypeId) []const u8 {
                 }
                 buf.appendSlice(self.alloc, self.formatTypeName(f)) catch break :blk "tuple";
             }
+            // A 1-tuple renders with the trailing comma `(T,)` — `(T)` now means
+            // a grouping (the inner type), so the comma is required to spell a
+            // 1-tuple unambiguously (and keeps diagnostics self-consistent).
+            if (t.fields.len == 1) buf.append(self.alloc, ',') catch break :blk "tuple";
             buf.append(self.alloc, ')') catch break :blk "tuple";
             break :blk buf.toOwnedSlice(self.alloc) catch "tuple";
         },

src/ir/lower/stmt.zig

@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ pub fn lowerVarDecl(self: *Lowering, vd: *const ast.VarDecl) void {
                             // Only mention the `(T)`-is-a-1-tuple gotcha when the
                             // payload actually IS a tuple (the `?(?T)` typo).
                             const note: []const u8 = if (self.module.types.get(child) == .tuple)
-                                " (note: in type position '(T)' is a single-field tuple, not a grouping — write the inner optional without parentheses)"
+                                " (note: '(T,)' with a trailing comma is a 1-tuple; '(T)' without a comma groups to the inner type)"
                             else
                                 "";
                             d.addFmt(.err, ast.Span{ .start = cs.start, .end = cs.end }, "cannot assign a value of type '{s}' to optional '{s}': its payload type is '{s}'{s}", .{ self.formatTypeName(post_rt), self.formatTypeName(ty), self.formatTypeName(child), note });

src/ir/types.zig

@@ -1117,6 +1117,8 @@ pub const TypeTable = struct {
                     if (i > 0) buf.appendSlice(alloc, ", ") catch break :blk "(?)";
                     buf.appendSlice(alloc, self.formatTypeName(alloc, f)) catch break :blk "(?)";
                 }
+                // 1-tuple renders `(T,)` — `(T)` now spells a grouping.
+                if (tu.fields.len == 1) buf.append(alloc, ',') catch break :blk "(?)";
                 buf.append(alloc, ')') catch break :blk "(?)";
                 break :blk buf.toOwnedSlice(alloc) catch "(?)";
             },

src/parser.zig

@@ -552,10 +552,17 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
             // An error channel type (`!` / `!Named`) is only valid as the
             // trailing element of a result list. Reject any element after it.
             var saw_error_type = false;
+            // Track an explicit trailing comma so a single-element `(T,)` stays a
+            // 1-tuple while `(T)` (no comma) is a GROUPING — see the grouping
+            // return below.
+            var had_trailing_comma = false;
             while (self.current.tag != .r_paren and self.current.tag != .eof) {
                 if (param_types.items.len > 0) {
                     try self.expect(.comma);
-                    if (self.current.tag == .r_paren) break; // trailing comma ok
+                    if (self.current.tag == .r_paren) {
+                        had_trailing_comma = true;
+                        break; // trailing comma ok
+                    }
                 }
                 if (saw_error_type) {
                     return self.fail("error type '!' must be the last element of a result list");
@@ -601,9 +608,21 @@ pub const Parser = struct {
                     .abi = abi,
                 } });
             }
-            // No '->': tuple type (even for single element). Keep field names
+            // No '->': GROUPING vs tuple. Mirror value position (`(expr)` groups,
-            // for a named tuple `(x: T, y: U)` so `t.x` resolves. `field_names`
+            // `(expr,)` is a 1-tuple): a single UNNAMED, non-spread element with
-            // is non-optional per slot, so synthesize `_<i>` for any unnamed one.
+            // NO trailing comma is a grouping — resolve to the inner type. This
+            // lets `(Closure(i64,i64) -> i64)`, `?(?i64)`, etc. parenthesize a
+            // type for grouping/readability. A 1-tuple type now requires the
+            // trailing comma `(T,)`; named `(x: T)` and spread `(..Ts)` stay
+            // tuples.
+            if (param_types.items.len == 1 and !had_trailing_comma and !has_names and
+                param_types.items[0].data != .spread_expr)
+            {
+                return param_types.items[0];
+            }
+            // Tuple type. Keep field names for a named tuple `(x: T, y: U)` so
+            // `t.x` resolves. `field_names` is non-optional per slot, so
+            // synthesize `_<i>` for any unnamed one.
             var field_names: ?[]const []const u8 = null;
             if (has_names) {
                 var fns = std.ArrayList([]const u8).empty;