ERR/E4.1 (slice 1): log + is_comptime + process.exit/assert (+ noreturn codegen)

Stdlib slice of Phase E4, plus the noreturn codegen fix that enables it.

noreturn codegen (the enabling bug): E1.4c made `noreturn` type-system-only;
this is its first backend consumer and it crashed LLVM verification. Fixed:
- lower.zig: a `-> noreturn` body lowers as statements ending in `unreachable`
  (ensureTerminator emits unreachable; the two body-lowering sites no longer
  treat the last expr as a `ret`).
- emit_llvm.zig: a `void`/`noreturn` call result stays unnamed (direct +
  foreign call sites) — LLVM rejects a named void value.
- finishCatchHandler: a `noreturn` value-carrying catch body (which is not an
  IR terminator) closes the handler with `unreachable` instead of feeding a
  bad value into the merge phi. Shared by lowerCatch + lowerCatchOverChain.

is_comptime(): new nullary `.is_comptime` IR op (inst/print/interp/emit_llvm) —
interp evaluates true, emit_llvm emits constant false, so `if is_comptime()`
dead-codes out of compiled binaries. Recognized by name in
tryLowerReflectionCall + inferExprType (no std.sx decl, which would emit a
spurious `declare @is_comptime` into every module).

library/modules/log.sx: warn/info/debug/err — interpolate like print, write
`LEVEL: <msg>` to stderr. (`error` is reserved → the level is `log.err`.)

process.exit(code) -> noreturn + assert(cond, msg) in process.sx. `exit` is
POSIX `_exit(2)` (immediate, no cleanup; sx print is unbuffered so nothing is
lost), bound to "_exit" which also avoids a link-level clash with the sx `exit`
function's own name.

examples 248 (exit 0), 249 (exit 42), 250 (exit 1). #caller_location, the
comptime-exit diagnostic flush, and trace.print_interpreter_frames deferred to
E4.1b.

examples/248-log-and-comptime.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// `log.sx` leveled logging + the `is_comptime()` builtin (ERR step E4.1,
+// slice 1). `log.{warn,info,err,debug}` interpolate like `print` and write
+// `LEVEL: <msg>` to stderr. `is_comptime()` is `true` under `#run` (the
+// comptime interpreter) and folds to `false` in compiled code, so a gated
+// branch dead-codes out of the runtime binary.
+//
+// (`log.error` is spelled `log.err` — `error` is a reserved keyword. The
+// `process.exit` / `assert` part of E4.1 is blocked on `noreturn` codegen,
+// issue 0058.)
+//
+// The test runner merges stderr+stdout; the log lines (stderr) precede the
+// single stdout line. Expected exit code: 0.
+
+#import "modules/std.sx";
+log :: #import "modules/log.sx";
+
+probe :: () -> s32 {
+    if is_comptime() { return 1; }       // comptime interpreter path
+    return 2;                             // compiled-code path
+}
+
+CT :: #run probe();                       // folds to 1 (run in the interpreter)
+
+main :: () -> s32 {
+    log.warn("disk {}% full", 91);
+    log.info("user {} connected", "alice");
+    log.err("bad fd {}", 7);
+    log.debug("trace x={}", 42);
+    print("[stdout] is_comptime runtime={} comptime={}\n", probe(), CT);
+    return 0;
+}

examples/249-process-exit.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// `process.exit` (ERR step E4.1): immediate process termination with an exit
+// code. No `defer` / `onfail` cleanup runs and no error-trace frames are pushed
+// — it's POSIX `_exit(2)`. Here a runtime call exits 42; the line after never
+// runs. (sx `print` writes unbuffered via `write(2)`, so the "starting" line
+// still appears despite `_exit` skipping the stdio flush.) Expected exit: 42.
+
+#import "modules/std.sx";
+proc :: #import "modules/process.sx";
+
+main :: () -> s32 {
+    print("starting\n");
+    proc.exit(42);
+    print("unreachable\n");
+    return 0;
+}

examples/250-assert.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// `assert` (ERR step E4.1): a false condition prints `ASSERTION FAILED: <msg>`
+// and exits 1; a true condition is a no-op. Built on `process.exit`. (The
+// caller's `file:line` in the message rides on `#caller_location` — E4.1b.)
+// Expected exit code: 1.
+
+#import "modules/std.sx";
+proc :: #import "modules/process.sx";
+
+main :: () -> s32 {
+    proc.assert(2 + 2 == 4, "arithmetic");                 // passes → no-op
+    print("first assert passed\n");
+    proc.assert(2 + 2 == 5, "two plus two is not five");   // fails → abort
+    print("unreachable\n");
+    return 0;
+}

library/modules/log.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#import "std.sx";
+
+// =====================================================================
+// log.sx — plain leveled logging (ERR step E4.1), orthogonal to the
+// error channel. Each entry is written to stderr as `LEVEL: <msg>\n`,
+// where <msg> is the formatted `fmt` + args (same `{}` interpolation as
+// `print`). Sink is stderr (fd 2) so log output stays out of a program's
+// stdout data stream.
+//
+// Note: PLAN-ERR §log sketches a `LEVEL ts msg` line with an ISO-8601
+// UTC timestamp. The timestamp is deferred — it needs a clock binding
+// and would make golden tests time-dependent; the level + message are
+// the load-bearing parts. Add `ts` once a pinnable clock lands.
+// =====================================================================
+
+libc :: #library "c";
+
+write :: (fd: s32, buf: [*]u8, count: usize) -> isize #foreign libc;
+
+// Prefix the level, append a newline, write the whole line to stderr.
+emit :: (level: string, msg: string) {
+    line := concat(concat(level, msg), "\n");
+    write(2, line.ptr, xx line.len);
+}
+
+warn  :: ($fmt: string, ..$args) { #insert build_format(fmt); #insert "emit(\"WARN:  \", result);"; }
+info  :: ($fmt: string, ..$args) { #insert build_format(fmt); #insert "emit(\"INFO:  \", result);"; }
+debug :: ($fmt: string, ..$args) { #insert build_format(fmt); #insert "emit(\"DEBUG: \", result);"; }
+err   :: ($fmt: string, ..$args) { #insert build_format(fmt); #insert "emit(\"ERROR: \", result);"; }

library/modules/process.sx

@@ -116,3 +116,39 @@ find_executable :: (name: [:0]u8) -> ?string {
     }
     null;
 }
+
+// ── Process termination (ERR step E4.1) ───────────────────────────────
+
+// Bound to POSIX `_exit(2)` (immediate termination — no atexit, no stdio
+// flush), NOT libc `exit(3)`. Two reasons: (1) it matches `process.exit`'s
+// "immediate stop, no cleanup" contract; (2) sx's `print` writes unbuffered
+// via `write(2)`, so skipping the stdio flush loses nothing. Binding the
+// symbol `"exit"` would also collide with this module's own `exit` function
+// at the link level.
+clib_exit :: (code: s32) -> noreturn #foreign libc "_exit";
+
+// Stop the process immediately with exit code `code`. Does NOT unwind:
+// no `defer` / `onfail` cleanup runs, no error-trace frames are pushed —
+// it's the POSIX `_exit(2)` syscall. At comptime (`#run`) it terminates the
+// COMPILER with the same code after printing a short diagnostic; in compiled
+// code the `is_comptime()` branch folds away to just the syscall.
+//
+// (PLAN-ERR E4.1 also specifies a `loc: Source_Location = #caller_location`
+// parameter and an interpreter-frame dump in the comptime branch. Both ride
+// on the `#caller_location` directive — deferred to E4.1b.)
+exit :: (code: u8) -> noreturn {
+    if is_comptime() {
+        print("\nprocess.exit({}) called at comptime\n", code);
+    }
+    clib_exit(xx code);
+}
+
+// Abort with a message when `cond` is false. Prints `ASSERTION FAILED: <msg>`
+// then exits 1; a true condition is a no-op. (E4.1b adds the caller's
+// `file:line` via `#caller_location`.)
+assert :: (cond: bool, msg: string) {
+    if !cond {
+        print("ASSERTION FAILED: {}\n", msg);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+}

src/ir/emit_llvm.zig

@@ -1658,6 +1658,11 @@ pub const LLVMEmitter = struct {
                 const llvm_val = c.LLVMConstInt(self.cached_i1, @intFromBool(val), 0);
                 self.mapRef(llvm_val);
             },
+            .is_comptime => {
+                // Compiled code is never the comptime interpreter → constant
+                // `false`. A `if is_comptime() { … }` branch becomes dead.
+                self.mapRef(c.LLVMConstInt(self.cached_i1, 0, 0));
+            },
             .const_string => |str_id| {
                 const str = self.ir_mod.types.getString(str_id);
                 const llvm_val = self.emitStringConstant(str);
@@ -2343,7 +2348,10 @@ pub const LLVMEmitter = struct {
                         args[j] = self.coerceArg(args[j], param_types[j]);
                     }
                 }
-                const call_label: [*:0]const u8 = if (instruction.ty == .void or callee_uses_sret) "" else "call";
+                // A `void`/`noreturn` call has no value, so it must stay
+                // unnamed (LLVM rejects a named void result).
+                const call_is_void_like = instruction.ty == .void or instruction.ty == .noreturn;
+                const call_label: [*:0]const u8 = if (call_is_void_like or callee_uses_sret) "" else "call";
                 var result = c.LLVMBuildCall2(self.builder, fn_ty, callee, args.ptr, arg_count, call_label);
                 if (callee_uses_sret) {
                     // Mirror the function-decl `sret(<T>)` attribute on the call site so the
@@ -2354,7 +2362,7 @@ pub const LLVMEmitter = struct {
                     c.LLVMAddCallSiteAttribute(result, param1_idx, sret_attr);
                     // Load the actual struct value the callee wrote into the slot.
                     result = c.LLVMBuildLoad2(self.builder, callee_raw_ret, sret_slot, "sret.load");
-                } else if (instruction.ty != .void and callee_func.is_extern) {
+                } else if (!call_is_void_like and callee_func.is_extern) {
                     // Coerce ABI return value (e.g. i64 / [2 x i64]) back to IR struct type if needed
                     const expected_ty = self.toLLVMType(instruction.ty);
                     result = self.coerceArg(result, expected_ty);
@@ -2455,11 +2463,12 @@ pub const LLVMEmitter = struct {
                     }
                 }
                 const fn_ty = c.LLVMFunctionType(ret_ty, param_tys.ptr, arg_count, 0);
-                var result = c.LLVMBuildCall2(self.builder, fn_ty, callee, args.ptr, arg_count, if (instruction.ty == .void) "" else "icall");
+                const icall_void_like = instruction.ty == .void or instruction.ty == .noreturn;
+                var result = c.LLVMBuildCall2(self.builder, fn_ty, callee, args.ptr, arg_count, if (icall_void_like) "" else "icall");
 
                 // Coerce call result to instruction's expected type
                 const expected_ty = self.toLLVMType(instruction.ty);
-                if (instruction.ty != .void and c.LLVMTypeOf(result) != expected_ty) {
+                if (!icall_void_like and c.LLVMTypeOf(result) != expected_ty) {
                     result = self.coerceArg(result, expected_ty);
                 }
                 self.mapRef(result);

src/ir/inst.zig

@@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ pub const Op = union(enum) {
     const_string: StringId,
     const_null,
     const_undef, // `---` undefined initializer
+    /// ERR E4.1 — `is_comptime()` builtin. The SAME lowered IR is run by both
+    /// the comptime interpreter and the compiled backend, so this can't fold at
+    /// lower time: the interp evaluates it to `true`, emit_llvm emits constant
+    /// `false`. Lets stdlib (`process.exit`, `assert`) take a comptime-only
+    /// diagnostic branch that dead-codes out of compiled binaries.
+    is_comptime,
     /// Comptime-only Type value. Carried as a `Value.type_tag(TypeId)`
     /// in the interpreter. NEVER emitted to LLVM — types are erased
     /// after lowering. `emit_llvm` bails loudly if it sees one,

src/ir/interp.zig

@@ -599,6 +599,7 @@ pub const Interpreter = struct {
             .const_string => |sid| return .{ .value = .{ .string = self.module.types.getString(sid) } },
             .const_null => return .{ .value = .null_val },
             .const_undef => return .{ .value = .undef },
+            .is_comptime => return .{ .value = .{ .boolean = true } },
             .const_type => |tid| return .{ .value = .{ .type_tag = tid } },
 
             // ── Arithmetic ──────────────────────────────────────

src/ir/lower.zig

@@ -1264,8 +1264,8 @@ pub const Lowering = struct {
 
             // Lower the function body (set target_type to return type for implicit returns)
             const saved_target = self.target_type;
-            self.target_type = if (ret_ty != .void) ret_ty else null;
+            self.target_type = if (ret_ty != .void and ret_ty != .noreturn) ret_ty else null;
-            if (ret_ty != .void) {
+            if (ret_ty != .void and ret_ty != .noreturn) {
                 const body_val = self.lowerBlockValue(fd.body);
                 if (!self.currentBlockHasTerminator()) {
                     if (body_val) |val| {
@@ -1282,6 +1282,8 @@ pub const Lowering = struct {
                     }
                 }
             } else {
+                // void / noreturn: no value to return — lower as statements and
+                // let `ensureTerminator` close the block (ret void / unreachable).
                 self.lowerBlock(fd.body);
                 self.ensureTerminator(ret_ty);
             }
@@ -1420,8 +1422,8 @@ pub const Lowering = struct {
 
         // Lower the function body, capturing the last expression's value for implicit return
         const saved_target = self.target_type;
-        self.target_type = if (ret_ty != .void) ret_ty else null;
+        self.target_type = if (ret_ty != .void and ret_ty != .noreturn) ret_ty else null;
-        if (ret_ty != .void) {
+        if (ret_ty != .void and ret_ty != .noreturn) {
             const body_val = self.lowerBlockValue(fd.body);
             if (!self.currentBlockHasTerminator()) {
                 if (body_val) |val| {
@@ -1438,6 +1440,8 @@ pub const Lowering = struct {
                 }
             }
         } else {
+            // void / noreturn: no value to return — lower as statements and
+            // let `ensureTerminator` close the block (ret void / unreachable).
             self.lowerBlock(fd.body);
             self.ensureTerminator(ret_ty);
         }
@@ -10316,6 +10320,12 @@ pub const Lowering = struct {
                 .struct_type = ty,
             } }, .string);
         }
+        if (std.mem.eql(u8, name, "is_comptime")) {
+            // True under the comptime interpreter, false in compiled code — the
+            // op decides per backend (it can't fold here, since the same IR
+            // serves both). Lets stdlib gate a comptime-only diagnostic branch.
+            return self.builder.emit(.{ .is_comptime = {} }, .bool);
+        }
         if (std.mem.eql(u8, name, "error_tag_name")) {
             // error_tag_name(e) → look the error-set value's runtime tag id up
             // in the always-linked tag-name table. The value IS its u32 tag id.
@@ -13915,6 +13925,7 @@ pub const Lowering = struct {
                     if (std.mem.eql(u8, bare_name, "field_index")) return .s64;
                     if (std.mem.eql(u8, bare_name, "field_name")) return .string;
                     if (std.mem.eql(u8, bare_name, "error_tag_name")) return .string;
+                    if (std.mem.eql(u8, bare_name, "is_comptime")) return .bool;
                     if (std.mem.eql(u8, bare_name, "is_flags")) return .bool;
                     if (std.mem.eql(u8, bare_name, "type_of")) return .any;
                     if (std.mem.eql(u8, bare_name, "field_value")) return .any;
@@ -15731,24 +15742,7 @@ pub const Lowering = struct {
         self.builder.switchToBlock(handle_bb);
         const body_val = self.runCatchBody(ce, err_val, err_set, succ_ty);
         if (!self.currentBlockHasTerminator()) {
-            // A non-diverging handler must produce a value of the success type.
+            self.finishCatchHandler(body_val, succ_ty, merge_bb, span);
-            // A value-less (void) body is a type error — diagnose and feed an
-            // undef placeholder so the merge phi stays well-typed (rather than
-            // coercing `void` into a bad ref).
-            const bv: Ref = blk: {
-                if (body_val) |v| {
-                    const vty = self.builder.getRefType(v);
-                    if (vty != .void) break :blk self.coerceToType(v, vty, succ_ty);
-                }
-                if (self.diagnostics) |diags| {
-                    diags.addFmt(.err, span, "`catch` body must produce a value of type '{s}' (or diverge with `return` / `raise`)", .{self.formatTypeName(succ_ty)});
-                }
-                break :blk self.builder.constUndef(succ_ty);
-            };
-            // Absorption clear on a non-diverging handler (see the pure-failable
-            // path above): the body saw the trace, now it's consumed.
-            self.emitTraceClear();
-            self.builder.br(merge_bb, &.{bv});
         }
 
         self.builder.switchToBlock(merge_bb);
@@ -15802,26 +15796,46 @@ pub const Lowering = struct {
         const tag = self.builder.blockParam(handle_bb, 0, err_set);
         const body_val = self.runCatchBody(ce, tag, err_set, if (has_value) succ_ty else null);
         if (!self.currentBlockHasTerminator()) {
-            self.emitTraceClear();
+            self.finishCatchHandler(body_val, succ_ty, merge_bb, span);
-            if (has_value) {
-                const bv: Ref = blk: {
-                    if (body_val) |v| {
-                        const vty = self.builder.getRefType(v);
-                        if (vty != .void) break :blk self.coerceToType(v, vty, succ_ty);
-                    }
-                    if (self.diagnostics) |d| d.addFmt(.err, span, "`catch` body must produce a value of type '{s}' (or diverge with `return` / `raise`)", .{self.formatTypeName(succ_ty)});
-                    break :blk self.builder.constUndef(succ_ty);
-                };
-                self.builder.br(merge_bb, &.{bv});
-            } else {
-                self.builder.br(merge_bb, &.{});
-            }
         }
 
         self.builder.switchToBlock(merge_bb);
         return if (has_value) self.builder.blockParam(merge_bb, 0, succ_ty) else self.builder.constInt(0, .void);
     }
 
+    /// Close a non-terminated `catch` handler block. `succ_ty` is the catch's
+    /// result type (`.void` for a pure-failable / void-chain catch — the merge
+    /// block then has no parameter). A `body_val` typed `noreturn` (e.g. a
+    /// `process.exit` / other noreturn call, which is NOT an IR terminator)
+    /// diverges: close with `unreachable` and skip the merge edge so its
+    /// "value" never reaches a phi. Otherwise clear the absorbed trace and
+    /// branch to the merge (coercing the body value, or diagnosing a missing /
+    /// void value for a value-carrying catch).
+    fn finishCatchHandler(self: *Lowering, body_val: ?Ref, succ_ty: TypeId, merge_bb: BlockId, span: ast.Span) void {
+        if (body_val) |v| {
+            if (self.builder.getRefType(v) == .noreturn) {
+                self.builder.emitUnreachable();
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        self.emitTraceClear();
+        if (succ_ty == .void) {
+            self.builder.br(merge_bb, &.{});
+            return;
+        }
+        const bv: Ref = blk: {
+            if (body_val) |v| {
+                const vty = self.builder.getRefType(v);
+                if (vty != .void) break :blk self.coerceToType(v, vty, succ_ty);
+            }
+            if (self.diagnostics) |diags| {
+                diags.addFmt(.err, span, "`catch` body must produce a value of type '{s}' (or diverge with `return` / `raise`)", .{self.formatTypeName(succ_ty)});
+            }
+            break :blk self.builder.constUndef(succ_ty);
+        };
+        self.builder.br(merge_bb, &.{bv});
+    }
+
     /// Lower a `catch` body in a child scope that binds the error tag to the
     /// catch binding (if any). When `want_ty` is non-null (value-carrying
     /// catch), returns the body's value (or null if the body diverged); when
@@ -16349,7 +16363,12 @@ pub const Lowering = struct {
 
     fn ensureTerminator(self: *Lowering, ret_ty: TypeId) void {
         if (self.currentBlockHasTerminator()) return;
-        if (ret_ty == .void) {
+        if (ret_ty == .noreturn) {
+            // A `-> noreturn` function never returns; if control reaches the
+            // end of the body it's genuinely unreachable (the body is expected
+            // to diverge — call another noreturn, loop forever, etc.).
+            self.builder.emitUnreachable();
+        } else if (ret_ty == .void) {
             self.builder.retVoid();
         } else {
             // Use const_undef for complex types (string, struct, etc.)

src/ir/print.zig

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ fn printInst(instruction: *const Inst, ref_idx: u32, tt: *const TypeTable, write
         },
         .const_null => try writer.writeAll("const null : "),
         .const_undef => try writer.writeAll("const undef : "),
+        .is_comptime => try writer.writeAll("is_comptime : "),
         .const_type => |tid| try writer.print("const type({s}) : ", .{tt.typeName(tid)}),
 
         // ── Arithmetic ──────────────────────────────────────────

tests/expected/248-log-and-comptime.exit

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0

tests/expected/248-log-and-comptime.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+WARN:  disk 91% full
+INFO:  user alice connected
+ERROR: bad fd 7
+DEBUG: trace x=42
+[stdout] is_comptime runtime=2 comptime=1

tests/expected/249-process-exit.exit

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+42

tests/expected/249-process-exit.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+starting

tests/expected/250-assert.exit

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1

tests/expected/250-assert.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+first assert passed
+ASSERTION FAILED: two plus two is not five