lang: rename signed integer types sN -> iN

Surface rename of the signed integer family: s1..s64 become i1..i64
(u1..u64, usize, isize unchanged). 'string' keeps the s-prefix arm in
name classification; width parsing moves to the i-prefix arm next to
isize.

Internal TypeId tags follow the surface (.s8/.s16/.s32/.s64 ->
.i8/.i16/.i32/.i64), as do mono-key mangle fragments (ptr_i64,
tu_i64_bool) and all display/diagnostic formatting (i{d}).

Migrated in the same sweep: stdlib + examples + issue repros + FFI C
companions (shared symbol names like ffi_id_i64), expected
stdout/stderr/ir snapshots, specs.md, readme.md, CLAUDE.md/AGENTS.md,
implementation_plan.md, docs/, issue writeups. Vendored stb_image and
historical flow state left untouched.

zig build test: 426/426; examples suite: 595/595.

issues/0030-extern-global-declarations.md

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ sx-defined globals shared across sx modules.
 ```sx
 #import "modules/std.sx";
 extern g_x : *void;          // want: a reference to a global defined elsewhere
-main :: () -> s32 { 0; }
+main :: () -> i32 { 0; }
 ```
 
 `./zig-out/bin/sx run …` → `error: expected '::', ':=', or ':' after identifier`