# 0135 — `xx <pack>[i]` to a protocol target lowers the pack as a value ("pack has no runtime value")

> **RESOLVED (2026-06-13).** Root cause: `buildProtocolErasure`
> (`src/ir/lower/coerce.zig`) treated `pack[i]` as an lvalue (any `index_expr`
> returned true from `isLvalueExpr`) and tried to take its address via
> `lowerExprAsPtr`, whose `.index_expr` arm lowers the bare pack as a value →
> the pack-as-value error. Fix (preferred option 1): `isLvalueExpr` now reports
> a comptime pack index as an **rvalue**, so erasure falls into its heap-copy
> branch and copies the already-materialized element. It decides pack-ness with
> the SAME predicate the value path uses — `packArgNodeAt` (the `pack_arg_nodes`
> map) — not `isPackName` (`pack_param_count`), since the comptime-call path
> installs only `pack_arg_nodes`; sharing one predicate keeps the value and
> lvalue paths from diverging on what counts as a pack element. Regression tests:
> [examples/0547-packs-xx-pack-index-to-protocol.sx](../examples/0547-packs-xx-pack-index-to-protocol.sx)
> (single element) and
> [examples/0548-packs-xx-pack-index-two-elements.sx](../examples/0548-packs-xx-pack-index-two-elements.sx)
> (two distinct concrete types, each resolving to its own vtable). This also
> unblocked [issue 0133](0133-union-member-struct-literal-assign-unresolved-panic.md),
> now landed. The standalone repro `.sx` was removed (superseded by 0547).

## Symptom

One-line: erasing a single comptime-pack element to a protocol value —
`xx sources[0]` where the target type is a protocol (`VL(i64)`) — spuriously
errors with **"pack 'sources' has no runtime value — a pack is comptime-only
and can't be used as a value here"**, pointing at the pack name.

- **Observed:** the pack-as-value diagnostic fires on `sources` in
  `x : VL(i64) = xx sources[0];`, even though `sources[0]` is a valid
  compile-time pack index.
- **Expected:** `sources[0]` resolves to the call-site arg (the concrete
  `IntCell`), gets erased to the protocol `VL(i64)`, and the program prints
  `7`, exit 0.

This is **PRE-EXISTING** and reproduces on clean `master`, independent of any
union / tuple / issue-0133 work. Issue 0053 added the `xx <whole-pack>` →
`[]Any`/`[]P` slice bridge (`lowerPackToSlice`), but **single-element**
`xx pack[i]` erasure to a protocol scalar was never handled.

## Reproduction

Minimal, standalone (only `modules/std.sx`):

```sx
#import "modules/std.sx";

VL :: protocol(T: Type) { get :: () -> T; }
IntCell :: struct { v: i64; }
impl VL(i64) for IntCell { get :: (self: *IntCell) -> i64 => self.v; }

make :: (..sources: VL) -> i64 {
    x : VL(i64) = xx sources[0];   // protocol local <- xx pack[0]
    return x.get();
}

main :: () -> i32 {
    print("{}\n", make(IntCell.{ v = 7 }));   // 7
    0
}
```

Run: `./zig-out/bin/sx run issues/0135-xx-pack-index-protocol-erasure-lowers-pack-as-value.sx`
→ errors today; the fix should make it print `7`, exit 0.

### Root cause (traced)

The error chain (from a stack trace at the diagnostic site):

```
lowerAssignment / lowerVarDecl   sets target_type = VL(i64) for the RHS
  lowerExpr(xx sources[0])       unary_op .xx
    operand = lowerExpr(sources[0])      → packArgNodeAt resolves to the
                                           call-site arg IntCell.{v=7} (OK)
    lowerXX(operand, sources[0])         classifies .erase_protocol
      buildProtocolErasure(..., operand_node = sources[0], dst = VL(i64))
        isLvalueExpr(sources[0]) == true     (it's an index_expr)
        concrete_ptr = lowerExprAsPtr(sources[0])   ← HERE
          lowerExprAsPtr .index_expr arm:  lowerExpr(ie.object)
            lowerExpr(sources)  → bare pack name → diagPackAsValue  ✗
```

The defect: **`lowerExprAsPtr`'s `.index_expr` arm does NOT perform the
pack-arg-node substitution that `lowerIndexExpr` does.** `lowerIndexExpr`
intercepts `<pack>[<comptime-int>]` via `packArgNodeAt` and lowers the
call-site arg node directly; `lowerExprAsPtr` skips straight to
`lowerExpr(ie.object)`, lowering the bare pack `sources` as a value — which is
the (correct) pack-as-value error for a context where there is genuinely no
pointer to take.

So the value path (`lowerIndexExpr`) handles a pack index but the
address-of path (`lowerExprAsPtr`) does not — a two-resolver divergence on
the pack-index case. `buildProtocolErasure` only reaches the address-of path
because `isLvalueExpr(sources[0])` returns `true` (any index_expr looks like
an lvalue), so it tries to alias the operand's storage instead of heap-copying
the already-materialized rvalue.

## Investigation prompt

> `xx <pack>[i]` erased to a protocol target spuriously errors with "pack
> '<name>' has no runtime value". Repro:
> `issues/0135-xx-pack-index-protocol-erasure-lowers-pack-as-value.sx`
> (errors today; the fix should make it print `7`, exit 0).
>
> Root cause: `buildProtocolErasure` (`src/ir/lower/coerce.zig`, ~line 389)
> sees `isLvalueExpr(operand_node) == true` for the index_expr `sources[0]`
> and takes the alias-the-storage branch:
> `concrete_ptr = self.lowerExprAsPtr(operand_node)`. But
> `lowerExprAsPtr`'s `.index_expr` arm (`src/ir/lower/stmt.zig`, the
> `.index_expr => |ie|` case, `self.lowerExpr(ie.object)` at stmt.zig:1005
> on clean master) does
> NOT do the pack-arg-node substitution that `lowerIndexExpr`
> (`src/ir/lower/expr.zig:1343`, via `packArgNodeAt`) performs. It lowers the
> bare pack `sources` as a value → `diagPackAsValue` (the pack-as-value
> error at `src/ir/lower/expr.zig:1722`).
>
> A comptime pack index has no addressable storage of its own — `sources[0]`
> is the call-site arg node, which only acquires storage when lowered as a
> value. So the address-of path is the wrong path for a pack index.
>
> Suspected fix (pick the one that keeps the value/address paths from
> diverging — the recurring two-resolver defect class in this codebase):
>   1. **Preferred — teach `isLvalueExpr` that a comptime pack index is NOT
>      an lvalue.** Add a check: an `index_expr` whose object is a pack name
>      (`isPackName(ie.object...)` / a `packArgNodeAt(ie) != null` hit) is an
>      rvalue. Then `buildProtocolErasure` falls into its existing
>      `else { heap_copy = true; alloca + store(operand) }` branch and erases
>      the already-materialized `IntCell` value correctly. Smallest, and
>      matches the semantic truth (a pack element is a comptime rvalue).
>   2. Alternatively, make `lowerExprAsPtr`'s `.index_expr` arm resolve a
>      pack index the way `lowerIndexExpr` does (`packArgNodeAt` → lower the
>      arg node as a value → `addr_of` an alloca holding it). More plumbing,
>      and it manufactures storage the caller could already manufacture.
> Do NOT paper over with a silent default — per CLAUDE.md, resolve the real
> path or emit a diagnostic.
>
> Verification: the repro prints `7`, exit 0; then `zig build &&
> zig build test` green. Add positive coverage (a new
> `examples/05xx-packs-xx-pack-index-to-protocol.sx`, packs category) and a
> sibling that erases two distinct pack elements. When resolved, this also
> UNBLOCKS issue 0133 (see below) — re-apply the 0133 unified-resolver fix
> and confirm `examples/0540-packs-pack-type-arg-spread.sx` stays green.

## Relationship to issue 0133

Surfaced while fixing **issue 0133** (assigning a struct literal to a union
member panics — the RHS never gets its target type). The clean 0133 fix
(per its own investigation prompt) unifies the lvalue field resolver so the
**target-type path** and the **lvalue-pointer path** share one matcher
(`fieldLvalueResolve`), which then resolves *tuple element* LHS types too
(not just structs). That makes `c.sources.0 = xx sources[0]` in
`examples/0540-packs-pack-type-arg-spread.sx` set `target_type = VL(i64)`
for the RHS — which routes `xx sources[0]` through `buildProtocolErasure`
(it previously erased later, at the store, via `coerceToType` on the
already-materialized value). That is exactly this bug.

So **issue 0133's correct (unified-resolver) fix is BLOCKED on this issue.**
The ready-to-apply 0133 patch is recorded in
`issues/0133-union-member-struct-literal-assign-unresolved-panic.md`; after
0135 lands, re-apply it and confirm both the 0133 union repro (`code=9`) and
`examples/0540` stay green.

## Notes

- Diagnostic site (symptom): `src/ir/lower/expr.zig:1723` (`isPackName` at
  1722 → `diagPackAsValue`, `.generic`) via `src/ir/lower/expr.zig:1386`
  (`lowerExpr(ie.object)` in `lowerIndexExpr`) — reached here through
  `lowerExprAsPtr`'s `.index_expr` arm, NOT `lowerIndexExpr`.
- Root area (cause): `buildProtocolErasure` (`src/ir/lower/coerce.zig:389-390`)
  + `lowerExprAsPtr` `.index_expr` arm (`src/ir/lower/stmt.zig:1005`) +
  `isLvalueExpr`.
- Prior art (RESOLVED, not duplicates): 0052 (slice-of-protocol variadic
  erasure), 0053 (`xx <whole-pack>` → slice bridge), 0054 (generic-struct →
  param protocol erasure). None handle single-element `xx pack[i]` → protocol
  scalar.