const std = @import("std");

pub const Span = struct {
    start: u32,
    end: u32,
};

pub const Node = struct {
    span: Span,
    data: Data,
    source_file: ?[]const u8 = null,

    pub const Data = union(enum) {
        root: Root,
        fn_decl: FnDecl,
        block: Block,
        int_literal: IntLiteral,
        float_literal: FloatLiteral,
        bool_literal: BoolLiteral,
        string_literal: StringLiteral,
        identifier: Identifier,
        enum_literal: EnumLiteral,
        binary_op: BinaryOp,
        chained_comparison: ChainedComparison,
        unary_op: UnaryOp,
        call: Call,
        field_access: FieldAccess,
        if_expr: IfExpr,
        match_expr: MatchExpr,
        match_arm: MatchArm,
        const_decl: ConstDecl,
        var_decl: VarDecl,
        assignment: Assignment,
        multi_assign: MultiAssign,
        destructure_decl: DestructureDecl,
        enum_decl: EnumDecl,
        struct_decl: StructDecl,
        struct_literal: StructLiteral,
        union_decl: UnionDecl,
        error_set_decl: ErrorSetDecl,
        lambda: Lambda,
        type_expr: TypeExpr,
        param: Param,
        defer_stmt: DeferStmt,
        push_stmt: PushStmt,
        comptime_expr: ComptimeExpr,
        insert_expr: InsertExpr,
        return_stmt: ReturnStmt,
        import_decl: ImportDecl,
        namespace_decl: NamespaceDecl,
        array_type_expr: ArrayTypeExpr,
        slice_type_expr: SliceTypeExpr,
        array_literal: ArrayLiteral,
        parameterized_type_expr: ParameterizedTypeExpr,
        index_expr: IndexExpr,
        slice_expr: SliceExpr,
        pointer_type_expr: PointerTypeExpr,
        many_pointer_type_expr: ManyPointerTypeExpr,
        optional_type_expr: OptionalTypeExpr,
        error_type_expr: ErrorTypeExpr,
        raise_stmt: RaiseStmt,
        try_expr: TryExpr,
        catch_expr: CatchExpr,
        onfail_stmt: OnFailStmt,
        /// `#caller_location` — a marker that, as a parameter default, resolves
        /// to a `Source_Location` of the call site (ERR E4.1b). The node's
        /// `span`/`source_file` carry the location (rewritten to the call site
        /// during default expansion). No payload.
        caller_location: void,
        pack_index_type_expr: PackIndexTypeExpr,
        comptime_pack_ref: ComptimePackRef,
        force_unwrap: ForceUnwrap,
        null_coalesce: NullCoalesce,
        deref_expr: DerefExpr,
        null_literal: void,
        while_expr: WhileExpr,
        for_expr: ForExpr,
        spread_expr: SpreadExpr,
        break_expr: void,
        continue_expr: void,
        undef_literal: void,
        inferred_type: void,
        builtin_expr: void,
        compiler_expr: void,
        foreign_expr: ForeignExpr,
        library_decl: LibraryDecl,
        framework_decl: FrameworkDecl,
        function_type_expr: FunctionTypeExpr,
        closure_type_expr: ClosureTypeExpr,
        tuple_type_expr: TupleTypeExpr,
        tuple_literal: TupleLiteral,
        ufcs_alias: UfcsAlias,
        c_import_decl: CImportDecl,
        protocol_decl: ProtocolDecl,
        impl_block: ImplBlock,
        ffi_intrinsic_call: FfiIntrinsicCall,
        foreign_class_decl: ForeignClassDecl,
        jni_env_block: JniEnvBlock,

        pub fn declName(self: Data) ?[]const u8 {
            return switch (self) {
                .fn_decl => |d| d.name,
                .const_decl => |d| d.name,
                .var_decl => |d| d.name,
                .enum_decl => |d| d.name,
                .struct_decl => |d| d.name,
                .union_decl => |d| d.name,
                .error_set_decl => |d| d.name,
                .namespace_decl => |d| d.name,
                .ufcs_alias => |d| d.name,
                .c_import_decl => |d| d.name,
                .protocol_decl => |d| d.name,
                .foreign_class_decl => |d| d.name,
                else => null,
            };
        }
    };
};

pub const Root = struct {
    decls: []const *Node,
};

pub const CallingConvention = enum { default, c };

/// Linkage modifier written in the postfix slot after `callconv(...)`:
/// `name :: (sig) -> Ret [callconv(.x)] [extern | export] [;|{…}];`
/// `extern` = import (external linkage, C ABI, no sx ctx — `#foreign`'s role);
/// `export` = define + expose (body + external linkage + C ABI + no ctx).
/// Both imply `callconv(.c)`. Variants carry a trailing `_` to dodge the Zig
/// keywords. `.none` = no linkage modifier (the ordinary sx-internal decl).
pub const ExternExportModifier = enum { none, extern_, export_ };

pub const FnDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    params: []const Param,
    return_type: ?*Node,
    body: *Node,
    type_params: []const StructTypeParam = &.{},
    is_arrow: bool = false,
    call_conv: CallingConvention = .default,
    /// Postfix linkage modifier (`extern`/`export`) written after the
    /// `callconv(...)` slot. `.none` for an ordinary sx-internal function.
    /// Parsed in Phase 0.1; not consumed by the fn-decl path until Phase 1.
    extern_export: ExternExportModifier = .none,
    /// Optional library reference + symbol-name override for an `extern`/`export`
    /// function, mirroring `#foreign LIB "csym"` (foreign_lib/foreign_name). Both
    /// optional: `extern` alone resolves the sx name against the default-linked
    /// libs; `extern LIB` names the source library; `extern "csym"` renames the
    /// symbol. Required for `extern` to be a behavior-equivalent superset of
    /// `#foreign` (Gate A→B) — the migration of 466 `#foreign` uses across 6 libs
    /// must preserve each symbol's library. Parsed/consumed in Phase 1.2.
    extern_lib: ?[]const u8 = null,
    extern_name: ?[]const u8 = null,
    /// Span of the function's name token, for the reserved-type-name decl
    /// diagnostic. Synthesized decls (e.g. `#import c` foreign
    /// functions, lowering-time objc/protocol method synthesis) leave it zero.
    name_span: Span = .{ .start = 0, .end = 0 },
    /// True when the function NAME was written as a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` `i2 :: … ``) or synthesized by a `#import c` foreign decl. A raw
    /// name is exempt from the reserved-type-name binding check.
    /// Every PARSER fn_decl is built through `parseFnDecl`, whose `name_is_raw`
    /// is a REQUIRED parameter, so a parser site cannot drop it; the default
    /// here serves only post-check synthesized decls (which are never raw).
    is_raw: bool = false,
    /// `name :: ufcs (params) { body }` — the fn opted into dot-call
    /// dispatch (`recv.name(args)`). Dot-calls on free functions are
    /// OPT-IN: only `is_ufcs` fns and `ufcs` aliases dispatch; a plain
    /// fn is callable directly or via `|>` only.
    is_ufcs: bool = false,
};

pub const Param = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    name_span: Span,
    type_expr: *Node,
    is_variadic: bool = false,
    is_comptime: bool = false,
    /// Heterogeneous protocol-constrained variadic pack: `..xs: Protocol`
    /// (no `[]`, no `$`). The annotation is a bare protocol the trailing args
    /// each conform to with their own type-arg — distinct from a slice variadic
    /// (`..xs: []T`, `is_pack == false`) and from the comptime type-pack
    /// (`..$xs`, `is_comptime == true`). Always implies `is_variadic`.
    is_pack: bool = false,
    /// Optional default value expression. When the caller omits this
    /// parameter, lowering substitutes this expression in its place.
    default_expr: ?*Node = null,
    /// True when the param name was written as a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` `i2 ``) or synthesized by a `#import c` foreign decl. A raw name is
    /// exempt from the reserved-type-name binding check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const Block = struct {
    stmts: []const *Node,
    /// True when the block's last statement is its value — i.e. a trailing
    /// expression with NO `;`. A trailing `;` (or a non-expression last
    /// statement) discards the value and leaves the block void. Match-arm and
    /// else-arm bodies are built with this forced true (the arm `;` is an arm
    /// terminator, not a value-discard).
    produces_value: bool = false,
    /// When `produces_value` is false *because* the last statement was an
    /// expression terminated by `;` (as opposed to a decl/return/empty block),
    /// the span of that discarding `;`. Lets a value-position diagnostic point
    /// precisely at the semicolon to drop. Null otherwise.
    discarded_semi: ?Span = null,
};

pub const IntLiteral = struct {
    value: i64,
};

pub const FloatLiteral = struct {
    value: f64,
};

pub const BoolLiteral = struct {
    value: bool,
};

pub const StringLiteral = struct {
    raw: []const u8,
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const Identifier = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    /// True when written as a backtick raw identifier (`` `i2 ``). Carried so a
    /// destructure target (`` `i2, b := … ``) can be recognised as raw and
    /// exempted from the reserved-type-name binding check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const EnumLiteral = struct {
    name: []const u8, // without the leading dot
};

pub const BinaryOp = struct {
    op: Op,
    lhs: *Node,
    rhs: *Node,

    pub const Op = enum {
        add,
        sub,
        mul,
        div,
        mod,
        eq,
        neq,
        lt,
        lte,
        gt,
        gte,
        and_op,
        or_op,
        bit_and,
        bit_or,
        bit_xor,
        shl,
        shr,
        in_op,
    };
};

pub const ChainedComparison = struct {
    operands: []const *Node,
    ops: []const BinaryOp.Op,
};

pub const UnaryOp = struct {
    op: Op,
    operand: *Node,

    pub const Op = enum {
        negate,
        not,
        bit_not,
        xx,
        address_of,
    };
};

pub const Call = struct {
    callee: *Node,
    args: []const *Node,
};

/// `#objc_call(T)(recv, "sel:", args...)`,
/// `#jni_call(T)(env, target, "name", "(Sig)R", args...)`,
/// `#jni_static_call(T)(class, "name", "(Sig)R", args...)`.
/// The return-type T sits in the first parens; the actual call args
/// follow in the second parens. Codegen branches on `kind` to pick
/// the lowering (objc_msgSend / CallXxxMethod / CallStaticXxxMethod).
pub const FfiIntrinsicKind = enum {
    objc_call,
    jni_call,
    jni_static_call,
};

pub const FfiIntrinsicCall = struct {
    kind: FfiIntrinsicKind,
    return_type: *Node,
    args: []const *Node,
};

pub const FieldAccess = struct {
    object: *Node,
    field: []const u8,
    is_optional: bool = false,
};

pub const IfExpr = struct {
    condition: *Node,
    then_branch: *Node,
    else_branch: ?*Node,
    is_inline: bool, // true for `if cond then a else b`
    is_comptime: bool = false, // true for `inline if` — compile-time branch elimination
    binding_name: ?[]const u8 = null, // for `if val := expr { ... }` optional binding
    binding_span: ?Span = null, // span of `binding_name` (set iff `binding_name` is)
    /// True when the optional binding was a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` if `i2 := … ``) — exempt from the reserved-type-name check.
    binding_is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const MatchExpr = struct {
    subject: *Node,
    arms: []const MatchArm,
    is_comptime: bool = false,
};

pub const MatchArm = struct {
    pattern: ?*Node, // null = else (default) arm
    body: *Node,
    is_break: bool,
    capture: ?[]const u8 = null, // payload binding name: case .variant: (name) { ... }
    capture_span: ?Span = null, // span of `capture` (set iff `capture` is)
    /// True when the capture was a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` case .v: (`i2) ``) — exempt from the reserved-type-name check.
    capture_is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const ConstDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    type_annotation: ?*Node,
    value: *Node,
    /// Span of the constant's name token, for the reserved-type-name decl
    /// diagnostic. NO default: every construction site must set
    /// it explicitly, so a struct-body const can't silently fall back to a
    /// 1:1 caret (the finding-1 bug).
    name_span: Span,
    /// True when the constant NAME was written as a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` `i2 :: … ``). NO default: required at every site so the reserved-
    /// name exemption can't be dropped — mirrors `checkBindingName`'s required
    /// `is_raw` argument so the parser and the check can't desync.
    is_raw: bool,
};

pub const VarDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    name_span: Span,
    type_annotation: ?*Node,
    value: ?*Node,
    is_foreign: bool = false,
    foreign_lib: ?[]const u8 = null,
    foreign_name: ?[]const u8 = null,
    /// `extern`-global form `g : T extern [LIB] ["csym"];` — a reference to a
    /// global defined elsewhere (external linkage, resolved at link time). The
    /// new extern-named surface; distinct from the legacy `#foreign` path above.
    /// `extern_lib` is the optional source-library reference and `extern_name`
    /// the optional symbol-name override (mirroring foreign_lib/foreign_name, so
    /// `extern` fully supersedes `#foreign`). Parsed in Phase 0.1; not consumed
    /// by the var-decl path until Phase 1.2.
    is_extern: bool = false,
    extern_lib: ?[]const u8 = null,
    extern_name: ?[]const u8 = null,
    /// True when the binding name was written as a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` `i2 := … ``). A raw name is exempt from the reserved-type-name
    /// binding check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const Assignment = struct {
    target: *Node,
    op: Op,
    value: *Node,

    pub const Op = enum {
        assign,
        add_assign,
        sub_assign,
        mul_assign,
        div_assign,
        mod_assign,
        and_assign,
        or_assign,
        xor_assign,
        shl_assign,
        shr_assign,
    };
};

pub const MultiAssign = struct {
    targets: []const *Node,
    values: []const *Node,
};

pub const DestructureDecl = struct {
    names: []const []const u8,
    name_spans: []const Span, // one per entry in `names`, same order
    /// One per entry in `names`, same order: true when that target was a
    /// backtick raw identifier (`` `i2, b := … ``) — exempt from the
    /// reserved-type-name binding check.
    name_is_raw: []const bool,
    value: *Node,
};

pub const EnumDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    variant_names: []const []const u8,
    variant_types: []const ?*Node = &.{}, // null entries = no payload; empty = payload-less enum
    is_flags: bool = false,
    variant_values: []const ?*Node = &.{}, // explicit value per variant (null = auto), empty = all auto
    backing_type: ?*Node = null, // optional backing type: enum u8 { ... }
    /// True when the declared NAME was a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` `i2 :: enum { … } ``) — exempt from the reserved-type-name decl
    /// check. A bare reserved-name decl still errors.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const UnionDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    field_names: []const []const u8,
    field_types: []const *Node,
    /// True when the declared NAME was a backtick raw identifier — exempt from
    /// the reserved-type-name decl check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

/// `Foo :: error { TagA, TagB }` — a named error set. Tags are bare
/// identifiers (no payload, no explicit value), unlike enum variants.
pub const ErrorSetDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    tag_names: []const []const u8,
    /// True when the declared NAME was a backtick raw identifier — exempt from
    /// the reserved-type-name decl check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const StructTypeParam = struct {
    name: []const u8, // e.g. "N" or "T" (without $)
    constraint: *Node, // type_expr: "u32" for value param, "Type" for type param
    protocol_constraints: []const []const u8 = &.{}, // e.g. ["Eq", "Hashable"] for $T/Eq/Hashable
    /// `..$Ts: []Type` — a pack type-param binding the remaining type args as a
    /// sequence (must be last). Field types reference it via `(..$Ts)` etc.
    is_variadic: bool = false,
};

pub const UsingEntry = struct {
    insert_index: u32, // position in field_names where used fields are spliced
    type_name: []const u8, // struct type to inline
};

pub const StructDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    field_names: []const []const u8,
    field_types: []const *Node, // type_expr nodes
    field_defaults: []const ?*Node, // default value per field, null if none
    type_params: []const StructTypeParam = &.{},
    using_entries: []const UsingEntry = &.{},
    methods: []const *Node = &.{}, // fn_decl nodes for struct methods
    constants: []const *Node = &.{}, // const_decl nodes for struct-level constants
    /// True when the declared NAME was a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` `i2 :: struct { … } ``) — exempt from the reserved-type-name decl
    /// check. A bare reserved-name decl still errors.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const StructFieldInit = struct {
    name: ?[]const u8, // null for positional, non-null for named/shorthand
    value: *Node,
};

pub const StructLiteral = struct {
    struct_name: ?[]const u8, // null for anonymous `.{ ... }`
    type_expr: ?*Node = null, // for GenericType(args).{ ... }
    field_inits: []const StructFieldInit,
    init_block: ?*Node = null, // optional `{ stmts }` block after struct literal
};

pub const Lambda = struct {
    params: []const Param,
    return_type: ?*Node,
    body: *Node,
    type_params: []const StructTypeParam = &.{},
    call_conv: CallingConvention = .default,
};

pub const TypeExpr = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    is_generic: bool = false,
    protocol_constraints: []const []const u8 = &.{}, // e.g. ["Eq", "Hashable"] for $T/Eq/Hashable
    /// True when written as a backtick raw identifier in type position
    /// (`` `i2 ``). Such a reference is the LITERAL name `i2` used as a type —
    /// resolution skips the builtin/reserved classifier and looks up a
    /// `` `i2 ``-declared type (struct/enum/union/alias), else "unknown
    /// type". A bare `i2` keeps `is_raw = false` and is the int type.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

/// `$<pack_name>[<index>]` in type position. Resolves to the i-th
/// element type of the active pack binding. Step 3 of the variadic
/// heterogeneous type packs feature — used in trampoline bodies,
/// generic conversions, struct fields parameterised over the pack.
pub const PackIndexTypeExpr = struct {
    pack_name: []const u8,
    index: u32,
};

/// `$<pack_name>` (no indexing) in expression position. Evaluates
/// to a comptime `[]Type` slice — the WHOLE pack as data. Step 4
/// final slice: lets builder fns walk the pack types and emit
/// per-position code (the shape step 5's generic Into(Block) needs
/// for its trampoline body).
pub const ComptimePackRef = struct {
    pack_name: []const u8,
};

pub const DeferStmt = struct {
    expr: *Node,
};

// ── Error handling (ERR stream) ──────────────────────────────────────────

/// `raise EXPR;` — terminates control flow like `return`, populating the
/// error channel. `tag` is a tag-typed expression: `error.X` (a field
/// access on the `error` keyword) or a tag-bound variable (`raise e`).
pub const RaiseStmt = struct {
    tag: *Node,
};

/// `try X` — a failable attempt. Unary prefix, binds tighter than any
/// binary operator. Sema (E1.4) rejects a non-failable operand.
pub const TryExpr = struct {
    operand: *Node,
};

/// `X catch [e] BODY` — inline failure handler (postfix). The binding is a
/// bare name (no parens) and optional. Body is a block, a bare expression,
/// or — when `is_match_body` — a `match_expr` from the `== { case ... }`
/// sugar (whose subject is the binding).
pub const CatchExpr = struct {
    operand: *Node,
    binding: ?[]const u8 = null,
    binding_span: ?Span = null, // span of `binding` (set iff `binding` is)
    /// True when the binding was a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` x catch `i2 { … } ``) — exempt from the reserved-type-name check.
    binding_is_raw: bool = false,
    body: *Node,
    is_match_body: bool = false,
};

/// `onfail [e] BODY` — cleanup run on error-exit of the enclosing block.
/// Binding optional (bare name). Body is a block (`onfail [e] { ... }`) or
/// a bare expression (`onfail EXPR;`).
pub const OnFailStmt = struct {
    binding: ?[]const u8 = null,
    binding_span: ?Span = null, // span of `binding` (set iff `binding` is)
    /// True when the binding was a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` onfail `i2 { … } ``) — exempt from the reserved-type-name check.
    binding_is_raw: bool = false,
    body: *Node,
};

pub const PushStmt = struct {
    context_expr: *Node,
    body: *Node,
};

pub const ComptimeExpr = struct {
    expr: *Node,
};

pub const InsertExpr = struct {
    expr: *Node,
};

pub const ReturnStmt = struct {
    value: ?*Node,
};

pub const ImportDecl = struct {
    path: []const u8,
    name: ?[]const u8,
    /// True when the namespace NAME was a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` `i2 :: #import "…" ``) — exempt from the reserved-type-name decl
    /// check. A flat `#import` (name == null) binds nothing.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const ArrayTypeExpr = struct {
    length: *Node, // int_literal for the size
    element_type: *Node, // type_expr for the element type
};

pub const SliceTypeExpr = struct {
    element_type: *Node, // type_expr for the element type
};

pub const ArrayLiteral = struct {
    elements: []const *Node,
    type_expr: ?*Node = null,
};

pub const ParameterizedTypeExpr = struct {
    name: []const u8, // e.g. "Vector", or later generic struct names
    args: []const *Node, // e.g. [int_literal(3), type_expr("f32")]
    /// True when the base name was a backtick raw identifier in type position
    /// (`` `i2(i64) ``). Such a reference is the LITERAL name `i2` used as a
    /// parameterized type — resolution skips the builtin parameterized
    /// classifier (e.g. the `Vector` intrinsic) and instantiates a
    /// `` `i2 ``-declared generic template.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const IndexExpr = struct {
    object: *Node,
    index: *Node,
};

pub const SliceExpr = struct {
    object: *Node,
    start: ?*Node = null, // null = 0
    end: ?*Node = null, // null = len
    /// `<..` family — slice begins one past `start`.
    start_exclusive: bool = false,
    /// `..=` family — slice includes `end`.
    end_inclusive: bool = false,
};

pub const PointerTypeExpr = struct {
    pointee_type: *Node,
};

pub const ManyPointerTypeExpr = struct {
    element_type: *Node,
};

pub const OptionalTypeExpr = struct {
    inner_type: *Node,
};

/// The error channel of a multi-return result list: bare `!` (inferred
/// set) or `!Named` (a declared `error { ... }` set). Appears only as
/// the trailing result element; the parser enforces the position and
/// sema (E1) restricts it to return positions.
pub const ErrorTypeExpr = struct {
    /// `null` = inferred set (bare `!`); non-null = named set (`!Named`).
    name: ?[]const u8 = null,
};

pub const ForceUnwrap = struct {
    operand: *Node,
};

pub const NullCoalesce = struct {
    lhs: *Node,
    rhs: *Node,
};

pub const DerefExpr = struct {
    operand: *Node,
};

pub const WhileExpr = struct {
    condition: *Node,
    body: *Node,
    binding_name: ?[]const u8 = null, // for `while val := expr { ... }` optional binding
    binding_span: ?Span = null, // span of `binding_name` (set iff `binding_name` is)
    /// True when the optional binding was a backtick raw identifier
    /// (`` while `i2 := … ``) — exempt from the reserved-type-name check.
    binding_is_raw: bool = false,
};

/// One position of a (possibly multi-iterable) `for` header.
pub const ForIterable = struct {
    /// Collection expression, or the range START for the range forms.
    expr: *Node,
    /// Range end. Null for a plain collection AND for the open-ended range
    /// `a..` (distinguished by `is_range`).
    range_end: ?*Node = null,
    /// True for any range form. Each side of `..` takes an optional bound
    /// marker — `=` inclusive, `<` exclusive — with defaults start-inclusive,
    /// end-exclusive: `a..b` ≡ `a=..<b`; `a<..<b` is 1-past-start to
    /// end-1; `a=..=b` includes both ends; `a..=b` keeps the short
    /// end-inclusive spelling.
    is_range: bool = false,
    /// `<..` family — start is exclusive (cursor begins at start+1).
    start_exclusive: bool = false,
    /// `..=` family — end is inclusive.
    end_inclusive: bool = false,
};

/// One capture of a `for` header: `(x)`, `(*x)`, `(x, y, ...)`.
pub const ForCapture = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    span: ?Span = null,
    /// True when the name was a backtick raw identifier (`` for xs (`i2) ``)
    /// — exempt from the reserved-type-name check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
    /// `(*x)` — bind a pointer into the collection (no per-element copy).
    by_ref: bool = false,
};

/// `for it1, it2, ... (c1, c2, ...) { }` — parallel iteration. The FIRST
/// iterable's length drives the loop (first-iterable-wins); the others are
/// indexed along it, and a non-first range's end is not consulted. The
/// capture group is positional: empty (no bindings) or one capture per
/// iterable. The body is a block or an `=> expr;` arrow body.
pub const ForExpr = struct {
    iterables: []ForIterable,
    captures: []ForCapture,
    body: *Node,
    /// `inline for` — comptime-unrolled (single bounded range, comptime bounds).
    is_inline: bool = false,
};

pub const SpreadExpr = struct {
    operand: *Node,
};

pub const NamespaceDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    decls: []const *Node,
    /// Decls AUTHORED in the namespaced module itself (its `own_decls`), a
    /// subset of `decls` (which also carries the module's transitive flat
    /// imports). Lowering registers these under their module-qualified name
    /// (`ns.fn`) so `pkg.fn(...)` resolves to a unique FuncId distinct from a
    /// same-named function in another module.
    own_decls: []const *Node = &.{},
    /// The resolved path of the module this alias targets — the importing file's
    /// own path for a `#import c` namespace (its members are synthesized there).
    /// Captured at import-resolution time (the `resolved_path` that is otherwise
    /// not retained on the node) so `buildImportFacts` can record the namespace
    /// edge without re-walking the import graph.
    target_module_path: []const u8,
    /// True when the namespace NAME was a backtick raw identifier — exempt
    /// from the reserved-type-name decl check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const ForeignExpr = struct {
    library_ref: ?[]const u8 = null, // identifier name of library constant
    c_name: ?[]const u8 = null, // C symbol name override
};

pub const LibraryDecl = struct {
    lib_name: []const u8,
    name: []const u8, // sx-side constant name
    /// True when the constant NAME was a backtick raw identifier — exempt from
    /// the reserved-type-name decl check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const FrameworkDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8, // framework name, e.g. "Foundation"
};

pub const FunctionTypeExpr = struct {
    param_types: []const *Node,
    param_names: ?[]const ?[]const u8 = null, // optional documentation names
    return_type: ?*Node, // null = void return
    call_conv: CallingConvention = .default,
};

pub const ClosureTypeExpr = struct {
    param_types: []const *Node,
    param_names: ?[]const ?[]const u8 = null, // optional documentation names
    return_type: ?*Node, // null = void return
    /// Variadic heterogeneous type pack trailing the param list.
    /// `Closure(..$args) -> R` ⇒ pack_name = "args", param_types = [].
    /// `Closure(Prefix, ..$args)` ⇒ pack_name = "args", param_types = [Prefix].
    pack_name: ?[]const u8 = null,
    /// Projection on the pack: `Closure(..sources.T) -> R` ⇒ pack_name =
    /// "sources", pack_projection = "T". Null for a bare `..pack`.
    pack_projection: ?[]const u8 = null,
};

pub const TupleTypeExpr = struct {
    field_types: []const *Node,
    field_names: ?[]const []const u8, // null for positional
};

pub const TupleLiteral = struct {
    elements: []const TupleElement,
};

pub const TupleElement = struct {
    name: ?[]const u8, // null for positional
    value: *Node,
};

pub const UfcsAlias = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    target: []const u8,
    /// True when the alias NAME was a backtick raw identifier — exempt from
    /// the reserved-type-name decl check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const CImportDecl = struct {
    includes: []const []const u8,
    sources: []const []const u8,
    defines: []const []const u8,
    flags: []const []const u8,
    name: ?[]const u8 = null,
    bitcode_paths: []const []const u8 = &.{}, // populated during import resolution
    /// True when the namespace NAME was a backtick raw identifier — exempt
    /// from the reserved-type-name decl check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
};

pub const ProtocolMethodDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    params: []const *Node, // type_expr nodes for parameter types (excluding implicit self)
    param_names: []const []const u8, // parameter names (excluding implicit self)
    param_name_spans: []const Span = &.{}, // one per `param_names` entry; empty for synthesized methods
    /// One per `param_names` entry: true when written as a backtick raw
    /// identifier — exempt from the reserved-type-name check.
    /// Empty for synthesized methods (treated as all-false).
    param_name_is_raw: []const bool = &.{},
    return_type: ?*Node, // null = void return
    default_body: ?*Node, // null = required method, non-null = default implementation
};

pub const ProtocolDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    methods: []const ProtocolMethodDecl,
    is_inline: bool = false, // #inline — embedded fn ptrs instead of vtable pointer
    type_params: []const StructTypeParam = &.{}, // for `protocol(Target: Type) { ... }`
    /// True when the declared NAME was a backtick raw identifier — exempt from
    /// the reserved-type-name decl check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
    /// Defining module path (stamped by `resolveImports`), so a parameterized
    /// protocol instantiated cross-module resolves its method signature types in
    /// the module that declares it (E4 — the protocol analog of
    /// `StructTemplate.source_file`). Null for a synthesized/sourceless decl.
    source_file: ?[]const u8 = null,
};

pub const ForeignRuntime = enum {
    jni_class,
    jni_interface,
    objc_class,
    objc_protocol,
    swift_class,
    swift_struct,
    swift_protocol,
};

pub const ForeignMethodDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    params: []const *Node, // type_expr nodes — first is `*Self` for instance methods
    param_names: []const []const u8,
    param_name_spans: []const Span = &.{}, // one per `param_names` entry; empty for synthesized methods
    /// One per `param_names` entry: true when written as a backtick raw
    /// identifier — exempt from the reserved-type-name check.
    /// Empty for synthesized methods (treated as all-false).
    param_name_is_raw: []const bool = &.{},
    return_type: ?*Node, // null = void
    is_static: bool = false, // true for `static name :: ...`
    jni_descriptor_override: ?[]const u8 = null, // `#jni_method_descriptor("(Sig)Ret")` — JNI runtime only
    selector_override: ?[]const u8 = null, // `#selector("explicit:string")` — Obj-C runtime only (Phase 3.2)
    body: ?*Node = null, // sx-side implementation (defined-class only). null = `;`-terminated decl referencing inherited / external method.
};

pub const ForeignFieldDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    field_type: *Node, // type_expr node
    /// True iff the declaration carries a `#property[(...)]` directive
    /// (M2.2). For foreign classes, that means synthesize getter/setter
    /// dispatch through `objc_msgSend`; for sx-defined classes it adds
    /// runtime-introspectable property metadata + ARC-aware setter
    /// emission (Month 4 wires the latter).
    is_property: bool = false,
    /// Comma-separated modifier names from `#property(strong, weak, ...)`.
    /// Stored verbatim; semantic interpretation lands in M4.2.
    property_modifiers: []const []const u8 = &.{},
};

pub const ForeignClassMember = union(enum) {
    method: ForeignMethodDecl,
    field: ForeignFieldDecl, // JNI runtime only (sema-checked in later step)
    extends: []const u8, // sx-side alias name (right of `#extends`)
    implements: []const u8, // sx-side alias name (right of `#implements`)
};

pub const ForeignClassDecl = struct {
    name: []const u8, // sx-side alias (left of `::`)
    foreign_path: []const u8, // directive arg: "java/path/Foo" / "NSString" / "Foundation.URL"
    runtime: ForeignRuntime,
    members: []const ForeignClassMember = &.{},
    is_foreign: bool = false, // `#foreign #...` prefix — class is provided by the foreign runtime; we only reference it
    is_main: bool = false, // `#jni_main` / `#objc_main` — class is the launchable entry (Activity / UIApplicationDelegate / ...)
    /// True when the sx-side alias NAME was a backtick raw identifier — exempt
    /// from the reserved-type-name decl check.
    is_raw: bool = false,
    /// Defining module path (stamped by `resolveImports`), so the IMP trampolines
    /// emitted for an sx-defined class resolve their method-signature types in the
    /// module that declares the class — not the (cross-module) lowering site that
    /// happens to trigger emission (E4). Null for a synthesized/sourceless decl.
    source_file: ?[]const u8 = null,
};

pub const JniEnvBlock = struct {
    env: *Node, // expression yielding the *JNIEnv for this scope
    body: *Node, // block (or expression) — runs with `env` scoped via TL push/pop
};

pub const ImplBlock = struct {
    protocol_name: []const u8,
    target_type: []const u8,
    target_type_params: []const StructTypeParam = &.{}, // for `impl P for List($T)`
    methods: []const *Node, // fn_decl nodes
    protocol_type_args: []const *Node = &.{}, // for `impl Into(Block) for Source` — type args on the protocol side
    target_type_expr: ?*Node = null, // populated for parameterised-protocol impls; carries non-identifier source spellings (e.g. `Closure() -> void`)
};