// End-to-end error handling: failable functions (named + inferred sets) consumed // through every absorbing form — destructure, `try` (in helpers), `catch` (bare- // expr / match-body / diverging block / no-binding), `or` value-terminator, // `onfail` cleanup interleaved with `defer`, plus `error.X` as a value and `{}` // tag-name interpolation. #import "modules/std.sx"; SmokeErr :: error { Empty, BadDigit, Overflow } // value-carrying, named set sm_parse :: (n: i32) -> (i32, !SmokeErr) { if n < 0 { raise error.BadDigit; } if n == 0 { raise error.Empty; } if n > 99 { raise error.Overflow; } return n * 2; } // pure failable, inferred set (ad-hoc tag) sm_check :: (ok: bool) -> ! { if !ok { raise error.NotReady; } return; } // multi-value, inferred set: `try` propagates; SCC absorbs SmokeErr sm_pair :: (a: i32, b: i32) -> (i32, i32, !) { x := try sm_parse(a); y := try sm_parse(b); return (x, y); } // catch with a diverging block body sm_or_default :: (n: i32) -> i32 { return sm_parse(n) catch (e) { print(" logged {}\n", e); return -1; }; } // onfail + defer interleave: cleanup runs only on the error path sm_acquire :: (fail: bool) -> (i32, !) { defer print(" defer A\n"); onfail print(" onfail B\n"); if fail { raise error.Acquire; } return 7; } // or-chain: try a, fall to try b; propagate if both fail sm_first :: (a: i32, b: i32) -> (i32, !) { v := try sm_parse(a) or try sm_parse(b); return v; } // --- Composition (ERR E5.1): failable closures, widening, generics --- // Closure(...) param, try-propagated (the env is carried) sm_run :: (cb: Closure(i32) -> (i32, !SmokeErr), n: i32) -> (i32, !SmokeErr) { return try cb(n); } // bare fn-type param: a NON-failable closure literal widens into the failable // slot (the ∅-widening adapter wraps `{value, 0}`) sm_widen :: (cb: (i32) -> (i32, !SmokeErr), n: i32) -> i32 { return cb(n) catch (e) -1; } // generic ($T) value-carrying failable composition, monomorphized per call sm_wrap :: ($T: Type, f: Closure() -> (T, !SmokeErr)) -> (T, !SmokeErr) { return try f(); } main :: () { // error.X as a typed value + {} interpolation renders the tag name e0 : SmokeErr = error.BadDigit; print("tag: {}\n", e0); // success destructure + error inspect v1, err1 := sm_parse(5); if !err1 { print("parsed: {}\n", v1); } v2, err2 := sm_parse(-1); if err2 == error.BadDigit { print("got: {}\n", err2); } // catch — bare-expr body ce := sm_parse(0) catch (e) 100; print("catch-expr: {}\n", ce); // catch — match-body per-tag dispatch cm := sm_parse(200) catch (e) == { case .Overflow: 1; case .Empty: 2; else: 3; }; print("catch-match: {}\n", cm); // catch — diverging block (in helper) print("or-default ok: {}\n", sm_or_default(5)); print("or-default err: {}\n", sm_or_default(-5)); // or — value terminator (bare LHS; non-failable result) ov := sm_parse(0) or 55; print("or-value: {}\n", ov); // or-chain via helper (first ok wins; propagation absorbed by destructure) g, gerr := sm_first(0, 8); if !gerr { print("or-chain: {}\n", g); } // multi-value failable consumed by catch (tuple body) p, q := sm_pair(0, 3) catch (e) (0, 0); print("pair-catch: {} {}\n", p, q); p2, q2 := sm_pair(4, 5) catch (e) (0, 0); print("pair-ok: {} {}\n", p2, q2); // pure failable: absorb with no-binding catch sm_check(false) catch { print("check absorbed\n"); }; // onfail/defer interleave on error vs success print("acquire fail:\n"); hv, herr := sm_acquire(true); print("acquire ok:\n"); iv, ierr := sm_acquire(false); // composition: inline failable closure literal through a Closure(...) param cl := sm_run(closure((x: i32) -> (i32, !SmokeErr) { if x < 0 { raise error.BadDigit; } return x * 2; }), 6) catch (e) -1; print("closure-run: {}\n", cl); // 12 print("closure-run-err: {}\n", sm_run(closure((x: i32) -> (i32, !SmokeErr) { raise error.Empty; }), 1) catch (e) -9); // -9 // non-failable closure literal widened into the failable bare slot print("widen: {}\n", sm_widen(closure((x: i32) -> i32 => x + 1), 9)); // 10 // generic failable composition (monomorphized at i32) print("wrap: {}\n", sm_wrap(i32, closure(() -> (i32, !SmokeErr) { return 42; })) catch (e) 0); // 42 print("errors ok\n"); }