A closure's underlying function carries a hidden env arg that a bare (T)->U slot
doesn't pass, so a closure flowing into a bare function-type slot dropped the
env — the first user arg landed in the env slot and the rest read garbage
(apply(closure((x)->s64 { x*2 })) returned 192 instead of 10; non-failable too).
- createClosureToBareFnAdapter: a capture-free closure into a bare (T)->U slot is
bridged by a generated adapter carrying the bare ABI (forwards a null env);
lowerLambda returns its func_ref. Rejected (no silent miscompile): a capturing
closure into a bare slot (env has nowhere to live) and a failable closure into
a non-failable slot (the ERR E5.1 FFI-boundary rule).
- Arrow-body failable closures (-> (T,!) => expr) now wrap the bare success value
into {value, 0} via lowerFailableSuccessReturn (the implicit return previously
returned a malformed tuple → caught value read as 0).
The isLambda .bang parser fix (failable closure literals parse) already landed in
485b4fa. Regressions: examples/0309-closures-literal-as-bare-fn-param (non-
failable, block + arrow, called in callee) + 1039-errors-failable-closure-literal
(failable, block + arrow, direct + Closure(...) param). Resolves issue 0060
(remaining E5.1 follow-ups noted in the .md). Suite: 328 passed.
A bare failable `#run` (no catch/or) whose error escapes used to segfault (const
form `x :: #run f()`) or silently succeed (statement form `#run f();`). Now the
compiler reports the raised tag name + the resolved return trace at the #run site
and halts with a non-zero exit.
- lower.zig: a failable #run's comptime function returns the full failable tuple
(so the error slot is inspectable) while the global is typed as the success
value; failable side-effects return the tuple instead of void.
- emit_llvm.zig: read the always-on comptime trace buffer (extern sx_trace_*);
comptimeErrChannel + checkComptimeFailable split the result (non-zero tag →
reportComptimeEscape + comptime_failed flag; success → value part). Wired into
emitGlobals (const) and runComptimeSideEffects (statement, now filtered by the
__run name; buffer cleared before each eval).
- core.zig: generateCode returns error.ComptimeError when comptime_failed, so the
driver aborts before JIT/link.
catch / or / onfail compose at comptime exactly as at runtime; a successful bare
#run yields the value. Regressions: examples/1037-errors-comptime-run-escape
(diagnostic, exit 1) + 1038-errors-comptime-run-handled (exit 164). Suite: 326.
Clear the examples/issue-* namespace (new layout keeps open-issue repros under
issues/, co-located with their .md). Two legacy files:
- issue-0030 was a feature-request placeholder (trivial main, no real test).
`extern G : T;` cross-file sx globals are still unimplemented (parse error),
so it's an open feature request: issues/0030-extern-global-declarations.{md,sx}.
- issue-0019 was a broken/superseded multi-file fixture (relative imports, not
runnable from root; the non-transitive-#import scenario is covered by the
passing 0706-modules-import-non-transitive). Moved to
issues/0019-import-non-transitive-c-scope/ with a status note; safe to delete.
Suite unchanged: 324 passed.
Break the monolithic examples/50-smoke.sx into 30 focused per-section examples,
filed into their category blocks (basic/types/comptime/memory/protocols/ffi),
each carrying only the top-level decls its section references (the protocols
section keeps the full preamble — its deps flow through UFCS method calls that
name-based extraction can't see). Outputs verified identical to the original
section blocks.
Add examples/1036-errors-failable-smoke.sx — an end-to-end error-handling example
(the E5.4 work): named + inferred error sets consumed via destructure, try (in
helpers), catch (bare-expr / match-body / diverging / no-binding), or
value-terminator, onfail+defer interleave, and error.X value + {} tag
interpolation.
Remove examples/50-smoke.sx. Suite: 324 passed, 0 failed.
A function with no explicit return type (arrow `=> expr`, or a block whose
`return <v>` drives the type) has its return type inferred from the body — but
the body references the function's own params. resolveReturnType ran that
inference before the params were pushed into self.scope (they're bound later, at
body lowering), so inferExprType couldn't resolve them and yielded .unresolved,
which reached LLVM emission and panicked. It only worked when a same-named
binding lingered in scope from earlier lowering (e.g. inside the big smoke file).
Bind the function's plain annotated value params into a temporary scope during
return-type inference. Resolve their types via resolveTypeWithBindings rather
than resolveParamType — the latter does variadic/pack bookkeeping that must run
exactly once, at body lowering; calling it here too corrupted the format/index
path. Variadic/pack/comptime/unannotated params are skipped (no by-name return
dependency; their types come from substitution).
Regression: examples/0308-closures-arrow-inferred-return.sx (arrow + block
inferred-return, top-level + local). Resolves issue 0059. Suite: 293 passed.
Rename all example tests/companions to the XXXX-category-test-name scheme
(per-category 100-blocks: basic 0010, types 0100, ... errors 1000,
diagnostics 1100, ffi 1200, ffi-objc 1300, ffi-jni 1400, vectors 1500,
platform 1600). Companions and dir/C fixtures move in lockstep with their
parent test; #import/#source/#include paths rewritten to match.
Expected output now lives in examples/expected/ (a sibling dir of the
tests) split into three streams per the new convention:
<name>.exit / <name>.stdout / <name>.stderr (+ optional <name>.ir)
run_examples.sh rewritten: scans examples/ and issues/ for an
expected/<name>.exit marker, captures stdout and stderr separately (no
more 2>&1), compares each stream + exit + optional IR snapshot.
Behavior validated unchanged: every renamed test reproduces its prior
merged output + exit (diffs limited to file paths/basenames embedded in
diagnostics + traces, which correctly reflect the new names). Suite:
292 passed, 0 failed. 50-smoke.sx split + issue relocation + docs follow
in subsequent commits.
The implicit address-of that gives `*T` params reference semantics only
fired for plain identifiers (`mut(v)`). For a field-access / index /
deref lvalue (`make_move(self.board, m)`, `mut(w.s)`), the branch was
skipped: the arg was loaded into a temporary and the callee mutated a
throwaway copy — silent data loss, with the type check satisfied through
the temp so no diagnostic fired.
Now compound lvalues auto-ref too: take the real lvalue address via
`lowerExprAsPtr`, normalizing the "place" ref to `*T` exactly as
`@field_access` does. Mutations through the pointer are now visible to
the caller, matching the identifier case.
Regression: examples/255-autoref-compound-lvalue.sx.
`lowerDerefExpr` left the deref's result type `.unresolved` when the
operand wasn't a pointer (e.g. a stale `value.*` after a parameter
changed from `*T` to `T`), and emitted the `.deref` anyway. That
unresolved type slipped through to emit_llvm's "unresolved type reached
LLVM emission" panic with no source location.
Now it emits a clean diagnostic at the deref site
("cannot dereference with `.*`: 'T' is not a pointer") and recovers.
Regression: examples/254-deref-non-pointer-reject.sx.
#run failures now print the same `func at file:line:col` trace as
runtime, resolved in-process via the interpreter's IR/source tables.
- Read-side context-split op `.trace_resolve` (mirror of .trace_frame),
lowered from a name-recognized `__trace_resolve_frame(u64) -> Frame`.
- emit_llvm: inttoptr the operand to *Frame + load (the value
.trace_frame stamped in).
- interp: unpack (func_id << 32 | span.start); resolve func/file from
module.functions and line/col via SourceLoc.compute over a new
source_map (setSourceMap wired at every production interp site).
- trace.sx: frame_at -> u64; to_string routes each frame through
__trace_resolve_frame, so one source works in both machines.
Compiled path behavior unchanged (243/244/247 identical; it now loads
via the op). New examples/253-comptime-trace.sx exercises the comptime
path. Gates: zig build, zig build test, run_examples.sh -> 291 passed.
The last E4 item: a comptime call-frame dump.
- New nullary `interp_print_frames` IR op (inst/print). The interpreter
maintains a `call_chain` side-stack (push/pop a FuncId around each sx-bodied
`call`, freed in deinit) and `printInterpFrames` appends the chain to its
output — most-recent-last, with the dump frame itself skipped. emit_llvm
makes the op a no-op: compiled code has no interpreter stack, and the only
caller is `process.exit`'s dead `is_comptime()` branch.
- Lowered from a name-recognized `__interp_print_frames()` builtin
(tryLowerReflectionCall + inferExprType → void).
- `trace.print_interpreter_frames()` wraps the builtin; wired into
`process.exit`'s comptime branch (process.sx now imports trace.sx).
- Frame source locations await IR-offset resolution (the comptime analog of
DWARF), so only function names print today.
examples/252-interp-frames.sx (top-level `#run` drives the dump; exit 0).
Phase E4 (entry-point + stdlib error story) is now 100% complete.
Finishes Phase E4. `process.exit` / `assert` now report the caller's location.
#caller_location + Source_Location:
- new `hash_caller_location` token (lexer) + a leaf `caller_location` AST node
(parser primary-expr; sema + lsp arms).
- `Source_Location :: struct { file; line; col; func }` in std.sx.
- expandCallDefaults rewrites a `#caller_location` param default to a marker
carrying the CALL site's span + source_file.
- lowerCallerLocation synthesizes the struct: file + line:col via
errors.SourceLoc.compute over the diagnostics file→source map, stamped with
the enclosing (caller) function name. inferExprType resolves it to
Source_Location. Explicitly forwarding a Source_Location through an inner
call preserves the outermost site.
namespaced default-param expansion (pre-existing crash): expandCallDefaults
bailed on field_access callees, so `mod.fn(args)` with an omitted defaulted
param passed too few args → LLVM "incorrect number of arguments". Now resolves
the namespace fd (by field / qualified name); method-on-value calls (where
`self` shifts the count) stay excluded. Prerequisite for process.exit/assert
(always called namespaced) taking `loc = #caller_location`.
comptime flush: interp.callForeign flushes the interpreter's buffered print
output before invoking any host symbol, so a comptime diagnostic emitted just
before a terminating `_exit` (process.exit at comptime) survives.
process.exit/assert take `loc: Source_Location = #caller_location`; assert
prints `ASSERTION FAILED at <file>:<line>: <msg>`. examples 250 (assert
file:line), 251 (caller-location + forwarding). The two ffi-objc *.ir
snapshots are regenerated — adding Source_Location to std.sx renumbers the
global string pool the type/field-name tables index (benign, identical IR).
Stdlib slice of Phase E4, plus the noreturn codegen fix that enables it.
noreturn codegen (the enabling bug): E1.4c made `noreturn` type-system-only;
this is its first backend consumer and it crashed LLVM verification. Fixed:
- lower.zig: a `-> noreturn` body lowers as statements ending in `unreachable`
(ensureTerminator emits unreachable; the two body-lowering sites no longer
treat the last expr as a `ret`).
- emit_llvm.zig: a `void`/`noreturn` call result stays unnamed (direct +
foreign call sites) — LLVM rejects a named void value.
- finishCatchHandler: a `noreturn` value-carrying catch body (which is not an
IR terminator) closes the handler with `unreachable` instead of feeding a
bad value into the merge phi. Shared by lowerCatch + lowerCatchOverChain.
is_comptime(): new nullary `.is_comptime` IR op (inst/print/interp/emit_llvm) —
interp evaluates true, emit_llvm emits constant false, so `if is_comptime()`
dead-codes out of compiled binaries. Recognized by name in
tryLowerReflectionCall + inferExprType (no std.sx decl, which would emit a
spurious `declare @is_comptime` into every module).
library/modules/log.sx: warn/info/debug/err — interpolate like print, write
`LEVEL: <msg>` to stderr. (`error` is reserved → the level is `log.err`.)
process.exit(code) -> noreturn + assert(cond, msg) in process.sx. `exit` is
POSIX `_exit(2)` (immediate, no cleanup; sx print is unbuffered so nothing is
lost), bound to "_exit" which also avoids a link-level clash with the sx `exit`
function's own name.
examples 248 (exit 0), 249 (exit 42), 250 (exit 1). #caller_location, the
comptime-exit diagnostic flush, and trace.print_interpreter_frames deferred to
E4.1b.
`lhs or rhs` with failable operands now lowers as a full short-circuit
chain (was a loud bail). Each failing attempt routes to the next operand;
the chain resolves when an operand succeeds or a value terminator absorbs;
total failure propagates to the function — or, when the chain is the operand
of a `catch`, to the handler. All in ir/lower.zig.
- Dispatch (lowerBinaryOp .or_op): structural `orIsFailableChain` (an operand
is a `try`, error-channel-typed, or a nested failable `or` chain) instead of
the type-only `exprIsFailable(lhs)`, which missed nested chains (a try-chain's
value type is non-failable T).
- inferExprType .or_op: a failable chain reports its success type via
`orChainSuccessType` (was `.bool`).
- lowerFailableOr rewritten: flatten the left-assoc chain, lower operands
left-to-right. Non-final failure → push frame + fall to next operand block
(no function exit, so onfail doesn't fire). Success → clear trace + merge.
Final failure → push frame + route to a `catch` target (chain_fail_target
field) if set, else propagate (cleanup + error return). Value terminator →
clear + merge the terminator value. Subsumes the E2.4a path. Widening
factored into `checkEscapeWidening`, checked only at a propagating final
operand.
- Catch-over-chain: lowerCatchOverChain sets chain_fail_target so the chain's
total failure reaches the handler (binds the final tag, may inspect the
trace, clears on non-diverging exit).
Verified JIT + AOT: 2-/3-operand chains, bare chain + value terminator, void
chains, all-fail propagation (exit 1 + trace), catch-over-chain, trace
clear-on-absorb, onfail gating. examples/246-failable-or-chain.sx (exit 120),
247-failable-or-chain-propagate.sx (exit 1 + trace).
Extends the failable-main entry-point wrapper to a value-carrying main.
`main :: () -> (int, !)` now exits the integer value on success (truncated
to u8, like a plain integer main) and reports the header + trace to stderr
+ exits 1 on an escaping error (same reporter as the pure `-> !` form).
- lower.zig validateMainSignature: accept a 2-field `{int, error_set}`
tuple return (set needs_trace_runtime) instead of rejecting it. Multi-
value `-> (T1, T2, !)` and non-integer value slots still reject — there's
no single integer exit code to map them to (sharpened diagnostic).
- emit_llvm.zig: the `.ret` arm detects a value-carrying main (tuple ending
in `.error_set`) and extracts `{value, tag}` (extractvalue 0/1) before
calling emitFailableMainRet, now generalized to take an optional `value`
(null → pure `-> !`, success exits 0; present → success exits the value).
C reporter unchanged.
All E4.2 entry-point shapes (void / int / `-> !` / `-> (int, !)`) now done.
examples/245-failable-main-value.sx (exit 64); 239 comment refreshed.
A pure-failable `main` (`-> !` / `-> !Named`) that lets an error reach the
function boundary now exits 1 and prints `error: unhandled error reached
main: error.<tag>` + the return trace to stderr, instead of returning the
raw tag id truncated as the exit code with no diagnostic. Success exits 0;
a `catch`-absorbed error exits 0 (buffer cleared).
Codegen wrapper so JIT and AOT behave identically (no host-side special-
casing):
- emit_llvm.zig: the `.ret` arm detects a failable main and routes to
new `emitFailableMainRet` — `icmp ne tag, 0` → success block `ret i32 0`
/ error block GEPs the tag name out of the always-linked tag-name table,
calls `sx_trace_report_unhandled`, `ret i32 1`. main's bare-u32 returns
(success `ret(0)` + each raise's `ret(tag)`) all funnel through it.
- sx_trace.c: new `sx_trace_report_unhandled(tag, name, name_len)` prints
the header + surviving frames to stderr (placeholder frame format mirrors
trace.sx until DWARF/E3.0). Lives next to the buffer it reads.
- lower.zig validateMainSignature: the pure-failable arm sets
needs_trace_runtime so the AOT path auto-links sx_trace.c even when the
body emits no other push/clear.
Value-carrying `-> (T, !)` main stays gate-rejected (multi-slot wrapper is
a separate slice). examples/244-failable-main.sx.
The trace formatter, unblocked now that 0057 is fixed.
- library/modules/trace.sx: to_string() walks the trace buffer (sx_trace_len /
frame_at / truncated) and renders "error return trace ..." with one line per
frame; print_current() writes it to stderr (libc write(2, ...)). Frame
locations are "<location pending DWARF>" until E3.0 resolves PCs; count +
ordering + the overflow note are already meaningful.
- Catch-clear timing fix (lowerCatch): move the absorption clear from
runCatchBody ENTRY to the handler's non-diverging EXIT (both the pure and
value-carrying paths). This reconciles the two PLAN-ERR statements that
conflicted — §clear-points "buffer cleared before the catch body" vs
§catch-over-or "frames still in the buffer when the body runs". Exit-clear
satisfies both: the handler can inspect the trace (trace.print_current()
shows the chain), and the buffer is empty once the handler completes. A
diverging body (raise/return) keeps/discards on its own path.
- examples/243-trace-format.sx: catch handler prints the tag + the 2-frame
trace, then shows the buffer is empty after. examples/241 updated: the
handler now observes len=2 (was 0 under the buggy entry-clear).
Gates: zig build, zig build test, bash tests/run_examples.sh (280 passed; lone
failure is the user's uncommitted 213-canonical-map pack WIP).
An `xx <int>` argument to a variadic `format`/`print` (a comptime `..$args`
pack) segfaulted when the call was inside an imported-module function. Root
cause: lowerPackCall lowered each pack arg with whatever self.target_type was
set to from the surrounding context. A bare arg is unaffected (inferExprType
ignores target_type), but `xx <expr>`'s result type IS target_type — so
`format("…", xx i)` inside a `-> string` fn cast the int to `string`,
monomorphized __pack_string, and ABI-coerced the 4-byte int as a 16-byte string
fat pointer → corruption. Inline it worked only because target_type was null
there; the imported-module path left it set.
Fix: save/clear/restore self.target_type around the pack-arg lowering loop. A
pack arg is independently typed — comptime `..$args` auto-boxes to Any; a value
pack takes its declared element/protocol type — never a leftover outer target.
examples/242-xx-any-pack-cross-module.sx (+ companion fmt.sx) is the regression.
issues/0057 marked resolved. Unblocks ERR E3.3 (the trace.sx formatter formats
frames with `xx frame`).
Gates: zig build, zig build test, bash tests/run_examples.sh (279 passed; lone
failure is the user's uncommitted 213-canonical-map pack WIP).
Connect the E3.1 buffer to codegen. Push sites: `raise` (always escapes — push
before cleanup) and `try`'s propagation branch (the failure that escapes to the
caller). Clear sites: `catch` handler entry (via runCatchBody, error path only),
the `or value` terminator's failure branch, and a destructure that binds a
failable's error slot — so an absorbed failure leaves no residue.
Helpers in lower.zig: emitTracePush / emitTraceClear (call getTraceFids, no-op
when traces are off), tracesEnabled (opt_level == .none/.less — `sx run`
defaults to -O0, so on in dev; .default/.aggressive are release → off, zero
overhead), and placeholderTraceFrame (a nonzero u64 until DWARF/E3.0 supplies
real PCs and E3.3 resolves them).
Verified end-to-end via a #foreign sx_trace_len probe: catch/or/multi-slot-
destructure drive len back to 0; release (--opt default) emits no push/clear at
all (debug showed a residual where release showed 0).
examples/241-error-trace-buffer.sx is a focused regression (white-box: reads
sx_trace_len directly, pending E3.3's public trace.print_current).
KNOWN GAP (documented, deferred to the E1.8 flow-check binding-site work): a
single-binding capture of a PURE failable (`er := pure_failable()`, not a
comma destructure) goes through lowerVarDecl, not lowerDestructureDecl, so it
doesn't clear — the trace over-retains until the next absorbing site. Harmless
today (nothing reads the buffer at function exit yet) but wrong per spec.
Gates: zig build, zig build test, bash tests/run_examples.sh (278 passed; lone
failure is the user's uncommitted 213-canonical-map pack WIP).
`{}` on an error-set value printed `<?>` (any_to_string had no error_set
category). Now it renders the tag name (`BadDigit`), reusing the existing
any_to_string dispatch.
Pieces:
- New `error_tag_name_get` IR op (UnaryOp): tag id -> name. Lowered from a new
`error_tag_name(e) -> string #builtin` (std.sx). Handled across inst.zig
(op def), print.zig, interp.zig (comptime: tags.getName), and emit_llvm.zig.
- emit_llvm getOrBuildTagNameArray: an always-linked `[N x {ptr,i64}]` global
of tag names indexed by global tag id (the TagRegistry namespace, slot 0 =
""). error_tag_name_get zext's the u32 tag value and GEPs into it. Built once;
not trace-gated, so it works in release too (per the spec's "tag-name table
always shipped").
- resolveTypeCategoryTags gains an `error_set` category so the
`case error_set:` arm in any_to_string matches; that arm coerces the Any to
u32 (`xx val`) and calls error_tag_name. (cast(type) didn't recover the tag
id for error-set values; the u32 coercion does.)
examples/240-error-tag-interpolation.sx: bound tags + a catch-bound tag print
their names. Regenerated ffi-objc-call-06-sret-return.ir — pure block-renumber
drift from adding one if-arm to the shared any_to_string (verified
semantically identical after collapsing block numbers).
Gates: zig build, zig build test, bash tests/run_examples.sh (277 passed; lone
failure is the user's uncommitted 213-canonical-map pack WIP).
Add validateMainSignature (lowerRoot Pass 4a). main must take no parameters
and have a single-slot return — void, an integer (POSIX exit code), or `-> !`
/ `-> !Named` (the error tag rides the single return register, which the JIT's
`() -> i32` main call handles directly). Other shapes are now clean
diagnostics instead of silent miscompiles:
- `main :: () -> string` previously SEGFAULTED (the i32 return register was
read as a string) — now a clear "return type must be void, an integer, or
`!`" error.
- `main :: (x: ...)` previously ran silently (param ignored) — now rejected.
- `main :: () -> f64` / non-failable tuple / etc. — rejected.
The value-carrying failable `-> (T, !)` is rejected for now: its multi-slot
{value, error} return ABI-mismatches the entry-point call and segfaults. That
shape needs the E4.2 entry-point wrapper (gated on E3 return traces); rejecting
loudly beats miscompiling. `-> !` (no value) IS accepted — single-slot, works
today (success exits 0; a raise exits nonzero, trace/tag story pending E3).
examples/239-main-signature-reject.sx covers the `-> string` rejection (exit 1).
Accepted shapes are exercised elsewhere (238 for integer-exit truncation; the
existing suite for void/int main). Gates: zig build, zig build test, bash
tests/run_examples.sh (276 passed; lone failure is the user's uncommitted
213-canonical-map pack WIP).
A non-failable integer `main :: () -> T` must exit with its return value
truncated to u8 (matching C main / the OS exit-status byte), so `sx run`
(JIT) and an AOT binary agree. runJITMain clamped instead: any value outside
0..255 returned exit 1, so `return 1105` exited 1 (not 81), `return -1` exited
1 (not 255), and `return 256` exited 1 (not 0).
Fix: bit-cast the i32 return to u32 and @truncate to u8 — negatives wrap as
their two's-complement low byte rather than being clamped. The AOT path
already gets OS truncation, so it was already correct; this makes JIT match.
examples/238-main-exit-truncation.sx returns 1105 -> exit 81. Values <=255
(42, 200) still pass through unchanged.
Gates: zig build, zig build test, bash tests/run_examples.sh (275 passed; the
lone failure is the user's uncommitted 213-canonical-map pack WIP).
A defer or onfail body runs while the block/function is already exiting, so it
has no target to transfer control to. `raise` was already rejected (E1.3); this
adds the rest of the locked set — `return` / `break` / `continue` / `try`.
In parseStmt, the return/break/continue/try parse sites now call a new
rejectInCleanup() helper, gated on in_onfail_body || in_defer_body (the existing
flags, whose doc-comments already scoped this follow-up). The ban is transitive
through nested catch bodies and loops, but parseLambda clears both flags for the
closure body — a closure is its own function boundary, so a `return` from a
closure created inside a cleanup body stays legal. The diagnostic names the
cleanup kind ("an `onfail`" / "a `defer`").
examples/237-cleanup-body-restrictions.sx covers the rejected forms (exit 1);
six inline parser tests cover each banned exit, the transitive-through-loop
case, the closure-boundary exception, and flag-restore after the defer.
Note: examples/213-canonical-map.sx is the user's uncommitted heterogeneous-
variadic-pack WIP (prints 40 vs expected 42); it fails on the committed parser
too, independent of this change, and is left unstaged.
Gates: zig build, zig build test (288 pass), bash tests/run_examples.sh (all
green except the unrelated 213 WIP).
The error slot of a value-carrying failable can no longer be silently dropped
on a bare destructure. In lowerDestructureDecl, when the RHS is failable
(errorChannelOf(ty) != null), the error slot (always the last tuple field)
must be bound to a non-`_` name. Reject when it is omitted entirely (fewer
names than slots — e.g. `a, c := inc(5)` for `inc: -> (s32,s32,!E)`) or bound
to `_` (`v, _ := parse(5)`).
The `try` / `catch` / `or value` consumer forms all strip the error channel
(their result type is non-failable), so the check never fires on them — only a
bare failable destructure is rejected. Value-slot `_` discards stay legal
(`a, _, ae := pair()` binds the error).
This is the discard-rejection slice of E1.8; the path-sensitive flow-check
(value live only where err==null is provable) is a separate follow-up.
examples/236-failable-discard-reject.sx covers both rejected shapes (exit 1).
Gates: zig build, zig build test, 274/274 examples.
The preceding parser fix (parenthesized match-arm value vs payload capture)
fully enables `catch e == { case .X: (tuple) }` — both scalar and tuple arm
values. Tuple literals in statement/binding position already worked, so the
match-body form runs end-to-end.
Add a `classify` to examples/235 exercising multi-value catch match-body with
per-tag value-tuple arms; exit 164 -> 170. Regenerate the snapshot.
(Corrects an earlier note that wrongly claimed a separate "issue 0059" blocked
the tuple match-body form — no such issue exists; the capture-parse bug was the
whole problem.)
Gates: zig build, zig build test, 273/273 examples.
Generalize the single-value `-> (T, !)` error-channel ABI to any value
arity. Retire the five `fields.len == 2` bails (lowerFailableSuccessReturn,
lowerTry, lowerCatch, lowerFailableOr, and the inferExprType try/catch/or
arms); lowerRaise + emitErrorReturn already looped over N value slots.
New helpers centralize "value-part = every slot but the last (error) one":
failableSuccessType (lone value type, or a value-tuple), extractSuccessValue,
extractErrorSlot.
Fix one latent bug the feature surfaced: coerceToType had no tuple->tuple
arm, so a value-tuple flowing into a differently-typed success slot (e.g.
(s64,s64) catch body into (s32,s32)) fell through unchanged. Add element-wise
coercion. No lowerTupleLiteral change is needed: a `return (a, b)` literal
against a 3-field failable target already gets target_fields=null via the
arity mismatch, so it types as a plain value-tuple that
lowerFailableSuccessReturn consumes.
examples/235-multi-value-failable.sx exercises producer return/raise,
destructure (binding every slot incl. the error tag), multi-value try
(success + propagation), catch (bare-expr tuple body), and or-tuple
terminator. Match-body tuple arms are left out: `(` after `case PAT:` is
parsed as a payload capture (a pre-existing, multi-value-unrelated parser
bug). Gates: zig build, zig build test, 273/273 examples.
`onfail [e] BODY` runs cleanup only when an error LEAVES the enclosing block
(a `raise` or a propagating `try`), and is skipped on success — unlike `defer`,
which runs on every exit. On an error exit, defers and onfails run interleaved
in reverse declaration order; `onfail e` binds the in-flight error tag.
- Cleanup stack: defer_stack now holds CleanupEntry { body, is_onfail, binding }
(one declaration-ordered stack so defer/onfail interleave). lowerDefer pushes
a defer entry; lowerOnFail (new `.onfail_stmt` arm) pushes an onfail entry,
rejecting `onfail` outside a failable function.
- emitBlockDefers (success exits — return / normal block exit) now emits only
`defer` entries and discards onfails.
- emitErrorCleanup (new; wired at the error exits — lowerRaise pure +
value-carrying, lowerTry propagation) emits both kinds interleaved in reverse,
binding the in-flight tag for `onfail e`.
Block-rooted: an error propagating to the function drains all enclosing blocks'
onfails; a block that exits normally discards its onfails. Per-attempt-`try`
gating is moot for now (no compilable `or` chain can absorb a mid-block try
failure yet — E2.4b). Body restrictions beyond the parser's raise-in-onfail
ban are deferred.
Tests: examples/233-onfail.sx (interleave order on error vs success + binding;
deterministic trace), examples/234-onfail-reject.sx (onfail outside a failable
fn rejected; exit 1). Gates: zig build, zig build test, 272/272 examples.
`lhs or value` where `lhs` is a value-carrying failable (`-> (T, !E)`): on
success the result is the LHS value, on failure the LHS error is discarded and
the result is the terminator value — the whole expression is non-failable (T).
Unblocked by the value ABI (E2.1); needs no fallback-routing (it's a 2-operand,
non-chained `or`).
- lowerBinaryOp `.or_op`: a failable LHS now routes to lowerFailableOr instead
of the E1.4a loud bail; non-failable `or` (boolean / optional-unwrap)
unchanged.
- lowerFailableOr: chain form (a `try`-marked LHS, whose own type is its
success value, or a failable RHS) bails → E2.4b (fallback routing). Pure
failable `or value` rejected ("no success value to fall back to — use
catch"). Value-carrying: tuple_get the value/error, condBr, merge the LHS
value (success) or the terminator (failure) through a block-param phi.
Multi-value bails (E2).
- inferExprType `.or_op`: a failable `or value` types as the LHS success type
(was always `.bool`); non-failable `or` still `.bool`.
Tests: examples/231-failable-or.sx (success + Bad + Empty terminators; exit
116), examples/232-failable-or-reject.sx (pure-failable `or value` rejected;
exit 1). Gates: zig build, zig build test, 270/270 examples.
The consumer side of the error-channel tuple ABI. A value-carrying `-> (T, !E)`
failable can now be consumed by `try` and `catch` (not just destructured).
Single-value; multi-value `-> (T1, T2, !)` consumers bail (E2).
- lowerTry: a value-carrying callee returns `{v, err}`. Extract `err`
(tuple_get field 1), branch; on success the try value is `tuple_get(field 0)`,
on error propagate via emitErrorReturn (pure caller → `ret(tag)`;
value-carrying caller → `ret {undef..., tag}`). Widening now runs for
value-carrying callees too. Retires the two value-carrying bails.
- lowerCatch: a value-carrying LHS merges through a block-param phi — the
success edge feeds `tuple_get(field 0)`, the handler edge feeds the body's
value (coerced to the success type). runCatchBody factors the bound-tag body
lowering (force_block_value for the value case). Pure-failable catch
unchanged.
- A non-diverging value-carrying catch body that yields no value is now a
clean diagnostic ("`catch` body must produce a value … or diverge") instead
of coercing `void` into a bad ref / failing LLVM verification — caught by an
adversarial review of the lowering.
Tests: examples/229-value-failable-consume.sx (try in value-carrying + pure
callers, catch block/bare/match-body/diverging bodies; exit 32),
examples/230-value-failable-reject.sx (void catch body rejected; exit 1).
Gates: zig build, zig build test, 268/268 examples.
The producer side of the error-channel tuple ABI for value-carrying `-> (T, !)`
functions. A failable that returns a value OR an error now lowers correctly;
the result is consumed via destructure (`v, err := f()`). Single-value
`-> (T, !)`; multi-value `-> (T1, T2, !)` and the value-carrying try/catch
consumers (E2.1b) follow.
- lowerReturn: a value-carrying failable's `return v;` assembles the success
tuple `{v, 0}` (compiler appends the no-error slot) via lowerFailableSuccessReturn
(tuple_init). Forwarding a full failable tuple (`return other_failable()` /
explicit `return (v, e)`) returns as-is. Multi-value returns bail loudly (E2).
- lowerRaise: the value-carrying branch (previously a loud bail) now builds
`{undef value slots..., tag}` (constUndef per value slot + the error tag) and
returns it — any arity.
- helpers: buildFailableTuple (tuple_init from value refs + tag) + emitTupleRet
(return honoring inline-comptime targets).
Value-carrying `try` / `catch` still bail (E2.1b). Tests:
examples/228-value-failable.sx (return value + both raises, consumed by
destructure; exit 60). Gates: zig build, zig build test, 266/266 examples.
`expr catch [e] BODY` consumes a failable's error inline. Pure-failable slice
(value-carrying `-> (T, !)` catch deferred to E2's tuple ABI).
- lowerExpr `.catch_expr` -> lowerCatch; inferExprType `.catch_expr` ->
operand's success type (void for pure-failable).
- lowerCatch: operand must be failable (else "catch requires a failable
expression"); pure-failable LHS only (value-carrying bails to E2). Eval
operand -> err tag; condBr to handle (error) / merge (success). In handle:
child scope binds `e` to the tag (typed as the error set), lower body
(block or expr); if the body didn't diverge, br merge. Result is void.
`catch` needs no failable enclosing function — it handles the error locally.
- All four body forms work: block, no-binding `catch { }`, bare-expr, and
the match-body `catch e == { case ... }`. Re-raise (`raise e`) and diverging
bodies (`return`) rely on E1.3 / E1.4c.
Also: lowerMatch now supports error-set subjects — `case .X` resolves to the
global tag id (was the arm index, dispatching wrong), and the switch operand
is the error-set value (its u32 tag) directly rather than via enumTag. This
is what the catch match-body form (and a plain `if e == { case .X }`) needs.
Tests: examples/226-catch.sx (block / no-binding / match-body / re-raise /
diverging body / success-skip; exit 18), examples/227-catch-rejections.sx
(operand-not-failable; exit 1). Gates: zig build, zig build test,
265/265 examples.
A match (`if subject == { case ... }`) whose arms all diverge (each
`return`s / `raise`s) failed LLVM verification with a `void` phi plus
"Terminator found in the middle of a basic block". Two causes in lowerMatch:
- The value-arm path did `lowerBlockValue(arm.body) orelse constInt(0, …)`,
emitting the fallback `const` into a block the body had ALREADY terminated
(a diverging arm), so `currentBlockHasTerminator()` then saw the const (not
the `ret`) and emitted a `br merge` after the terminator. Fix: materialize
the fallback value + branch only when the block hasn't terminated.
- A fully-diverging match infers `result_type == .noreturn` yet still built a
value-merge phi. Fix: `has_value_merge` excludes `.noreturn`, so such a
match builds no phi; its arms terminate and the merge block is unreachable.
Also: inferMatchResultType now skips `.noreturn` arms (a diverging arm doesn't
decide the result type) and reports `.noreturn` only when EVERY arm diverges —
so a mixed match (some arms yield values, some diverge) infers the value type.
This unblocks ERR E1.5's `catch` match-body form (`x catch e == { case .A:
return …; else: raise e; }`), which desugars to an all-diverging match.
Regression: examples/225-match-diverging-arms.sx (all-diverging + mixed,
exit 134). Gates: zig build, zig build test, 263/263 examples.
The type-convergence side of E1.4 (the SCC slice). A bare `-> !` function's
error set is now converged whole-program from its literal raises plus the
sets of the pure-failable functions it `try`s.
- convergeInferredErrorSets: a pre-lowering fix-point pass (lowerRoot Pass
1d, after scanDecls / before body lowering) that walks each top-level
bare-`!` function's body AST (collectErrorSites, stopping at nested-fn
boundaries) for literal `raise error.X` tags + pure `try g()` edges, then
unions each set with its edges' sets until stable. Stored in a side map
`inferred_error_sets` (fn name -> sorted []u32) — sidesteps the name-only
error-set interning collision (the shared `!` placeholder stays empty).
- lowerTry widening: a named caller `try`-ing a bare-`!` callee now checks
the callee's converged set (previously a false-negative — the empty
placeholder was trivially a subset). Factored diagTagsNotInSet out of
checkErrorSetSubset.
- empty-inferred warning: a top-level non-main bare-`!` function with an
empty converged set warns. Not user-visible yet (the compile driver
renders diagnostics only on failure — a LANG follow-up), so unit-tested
on the DiagnosticList.
- corrected two now-stale bail messages (failable-`or` -> E2.4;
value-carrying `try` -> E2).
Deferred to E2.4: failable-`or` chains / value-terminators (and `try`
fallback routing) — gated on the value-carrying tuple ABI.
Tests: examples/223-inferred-error-sets.sx (transitive convergence +
widening passes, exit 7), examples/224-inferred-widening-reject.sx
(transitive widening rejection, exit 1), unit test in lower.test.zig.
Gates: zig build, zig build test, 262/262 examples.
`raise EXPR` now terminates a failable function via the error channel.
Scope (Option 2): full raise sema checks + lowering for the pure-failable
shape (`-> !` / `-> !Named`); the value-carrying `-> (T..., !)` shape bails
loudly, deferred to E2's error-channel tuple ABI.
- lowerStmt + tryLowerAsExpr: `.raise_stmt` -> lowerRaise (also routes a
raise that is a block's last statement, which previously hit unknown_expr)
- lowerRaise: failable-context check (effectiveReturnType + errorChannelOf);
literal membership via lowerErrorTagLiteral; variable form subset-checked
via checkErrorSetSubset; pure-failable emits ret(tag)
- lowerErrorTagLiteral skips membership for the bare-`!` inferred placeholder
- plain `return;` in a pure-failable fn emits ret(0) (success / no error)
- parser: in_defer_body flag rejects `raise` inside a `defer` body
Tests: examples/219-raise.sx (positive, exit 8),
examples/220-raise-rejections.sx (3 sema rejections, exit 1), inline parser
test for raise-in-defer. Gates: zig build, zig build test, 258/258 examples.
Completes E1.1. All in ir/lower.zig (the IR layer, per slice 1's finding).
- lowerFieldAccess intercepts `error.X` (parsed as field_access(identifier
"error", X)) → lowerErrorTagLiteral: interns the tag; when target_type is a
named error set, types the value as that set and validates X ∈ set (out-of-set
→ diagnostic); otherwise emits the raw u32 global tag id (the spec's
context-free default — not a silent guess).
- tryLowerErrorSetEquality (early branch in lowerBinaryOp) + errorSetTypeOf /
isErrorTagLiteralNode: an error-set value or `error.X` literal forces the other
operand to be one too, else a diagnostic ("compares only with an error.X tag or
another error-set value; coerce with `xx`"). Both sides lower under the set type
as context (error.X resolves + membership-checks); two bare tag literals with no
context compare as global u32 ids. Handles both operand orders.
First ERR examples (end-to-end): 217-error-sets.sx (declared set + error.X +
== true/false + u32 coercion → "error-set result: 25", exit 25) and
218-error-set-typing.sx (out-of-set literal + tag-vs-raw-int → 2 diagnostics).
Failable `!`/`!Named` signatures and raise/try/catch/onfail semantics remain
(E1.2+). zig build, zig build test, and 256/256 examples green.
The check only caught `for xs: (*m)` loop captures; passing a `*T`
parameter or any pointer local where `T` is expected still slipped through
to the LLVM verifier. Key the diagnostic on the lowered argument's type
instead of the capture, so a `*Move` parameter forwarded into a by-value
parameter is reported the same way. Ref-capture wording is preserved.
Add example 216 (pointer-parameter case) alongside 215 (loop capture).
`for xs: (*m)` binds `m` to a `*T`. Passing it directly to a parameter
that wants `T` produced invalid IR that only LLVM's verifier caught, with
the opaque 'Call parameter type does not match function signature'. Detect
it at the call site and emit a clear error with a fix-it suggesting `m.*`.
Add example 215 + expected output as a regression test.
The collection for-loop now iterates a List(T)-like struct ({ items: [*]T, len, … }) — and a *List — by viewing it as items[0..len]. So 'for legal: (m)' / 'for pieces: (*p)' work like iterating a slice, with by-ref captures writing back into the backing.
fixupMethodReceiver also derefs a *T receiver when the method takes T by value, so a 'for xs: (*x)' capture can call value-self methods (x.method()). Regression: examples/for-list.sx.
The cursor clause now matches the collection form's ': (capture)' — 'for 0..N: (i)' instead of 'for 0..N (i)'. The colon is required when a cursor is present; the no-cursor form 'for 0..N { }' is unchanged. Updated examples/200, the pack-index doc comment, and the spec.
(*x) binds x to a pointer into the collection (index_gep) instead of a per-element value copy: passing it on (e.g. to a *T param) is zero-copy and mutations write back. In a value position x auto-derefs — a binary-op operand loads the element, a pointer-typed slot keeps the pointer, and an 'if x == {...}' match derefs the pointee for its tag/payload. Arrays GEP through their storage so writes hit the original. Regression test: examples/for-by-ref-capture.sx.
Impl blocks are anonymous (no declName), so a parameterised-protocol impl in a module reached via a diamond import was appended once per path and registered twice — 'duplicate impl Into for source s64'. mergeFlat and the directory-import merge loop now also dedup by node pointer; a physical AST node is lowered once regardless of how many import paths reach it.
Regression: examples/issue-0056-diamond-param-impl.sx.
The arithmetic-only check from the previous commit shared a hole with the
comparison and bitwise/shift ops: lowerBinaryOp derives the result type
from the LHS, so `s64 < string` fed mismatched types to `icmp` (LLVM
verifier failure) and `s64 & string` reinterpreted the string's bytes.
Add isOrderingOperand (numeric / enum / pointer / bool / vector) and
isBitwiseOperand (integer / enum / bool / vector), and route `< <= > >=`
and `& | ^ << >>` through them alongside the existing arithmetic check, all
sharing one diagnostic + placeholder-sentinel path. Flags-enum bitwise
(`.read | .write`, `perm & .read`), enum/pointer comparison, and int
literals stay legal (50-smoke unaffected).
Equality `== / !=` is deliberately left unchecked — its path is heavily
special-cased (str_eq, Any unbox, optional == null); folding a check in
without regressing those is a separate change, noted in the issue.
Regression test renamed arith→binop and broadened to cover `+ * < & <<`
against a string operand: examples/214-binop-operand-type-check.sx.
lowerBinaryOp derived the result type from the LHS alone and emitted
add/sub/mul/div/mod without checking the RHS, so `s64 + string` lowered
as `add : s64` and reinterpreted the string's bytes — printing garbage
instead of erroring.
Add isArithOperand (int / float / vector / pointer, plus custom int
widths) and, for `+ - * / %`, diagnose `cannot apply '<op>' to operands
of type '<lhs>' and '<rhs>'` and return a placeholder sentinel instead of
the corrupting op. `.unresolved` operands pass through so a type we
couldn't infer is never falsely rejected; the existing optional-unwrap
and int×float promotion are accounted for before the check.
Ordering (`< <= > >=`) and bitwise/shift (`& | ^ << >>`) ops share the
same LHS-derived-type hole and are left as a noted follow-up in the issue.
Regression: examples/214-arith-operand-type-check.sx (s64 + string, and
non-numeric LHS string * s64).
The full canonical `map` now compiles and runs (examples/213 → 42):
map :: (mapper: Closure(..sources.T) -> $R, ..sources: VL) -> VL($R)
Final piece: infer a pack-fn's generic return `$R` from a closure-typed
prefix param's lowered return type.
- collectGenericNames descends into closure_type_expr (params + return),
so `$R` in `Closure(..) -> $R` registers as a function type-param.
- matchTypeParam/extractTypeParam descend into closures: `$R` is extracted
from the lowered mapper's closure `.ret`.
- lowerPackFnCall infers type-param bindings from the lowered prefix args,
folds them into the mangle, and threads them into monomorphizePackFn,
which installs self.type_bindings for return-type resolution + body
lowering (`-> VL($R)` ⇒ VL(s64); `Combined($R, ..)` ⇒ Combined(s64, ..)).
s64-elimination follow-through:
- An unbound generic `$R` resolves to `.unresolved` in resolveTypeWithBindings
rather than fabricating an empty-struct stub (`R{}`).
- Lambda return-type inference skips an `.unresolved` target-closure ret and
infers from the body, so the concrete return drives `$R`.
- The `.unresolved` codegen tripwire then caught a latent bug: a generic-struct
source impl (`impl VL($R) for Combined($R, ..$Ts)`) was declaring its template
method `Combined.get` (`-> $R`) as a standalone IR function. Fixed: a
generic-struct source registers methods as TEMPLATES only (findable in
fn_ast_map for per-instance monomorphization via createProtocolThunk), never
declareFunction'd.
Feature 1 (heterogeneous variadic packs) all six phases complete.
248 examples + all unit tests green.
Two fixes, root-caused from xx Combined -> VL(s64) trapping:
- instantiateGenericStruct binds the template name to the concrete instance
(tb.put(tmpl.name, id)), so an impl method self: *Combined resolves self.field
to the instance (Combined__s64_s64), not the 0-field generic stub. This was a
general pre-existing bug: self.x on ANY generic-struct impl method failed.
- createProtocolThunk monomorphizes the template method for a generic-struct
instance (Combined.get -> Combined__s64_s64.get with the instance bindings),
so the erasure vtable dispatches instead of hitting an unreachable thunk.
xx c on a generic Combined now dispatches correctly (examples/212 -> 99).
247 examples + unit green.
lowerPackFnCall lowered the runtime prefix args with no target_type, so a
lambda arg (mapper: Closure(...) -> ...) could not infer its param types.
Now set target_type to the param type while lowering each prefix arg. With
the existing value-projection call-arg spread, mapper(..sources.get) works:
the lambda is contextually typed and the projected values spread into the
call. examples/211 ((a,b)=>a+b over two sources -> 42). 246 + unit green.
lowerTupleLiteral now coerces/erases each spliced spread element to the
contextual target tuple field type (computed even when a spread is present,
indexed by output position). New coerceOrErase: protocol target -> xx-erase
via buildProtocolErasure, else coerceToType. So c.sources = (..sources) on a
(..VL(Ts)) field erases each concrete pack element to its VL(Ti) slot.
examples/210 (build(IntCell, StrCell) -> 10 hi). 245 examples + unit green.
Parser now accepts a `..` spread in a parameterized-type arg list; in
instantiateGenericStruct a spread arg bound to the variadic type-param expands
via packTypeElems (so `..sources.T` projects each source pack element protocol
type-arg into ..$Ts). `Combined(s64, ..sources.T)` for a VL(s64) source
instantiates Combined(s64, s64). examples/209 (with explicit per-element xx
erase). 244 examples + unit green.
Next: (..sources) whole-pack materialization with per-element erasure into the
protocol-typed field (c.sources = (..sources) currently segfaults).
Two fixes:
- Element assignment `t.0 = v` (the known Phase-4.2 gap): the lvalue path
looked the element up by NAME via getStructFields, never matched a tuple
(positional), and left field_ty .unresolved -> ptr(.unresolved) -> codegen
panic. Added a tuple branch to the field-assignment lowering that indexes by
position (numeric) or name (tup.names), mirroring the read path. Fixes
`c.sources.0 = v` on a generic-instance pack field too.
- Named tuples: the parser dropped captured field names for a tuple TYPE
`(x: T, y: U)` (passed field_names=null), and resolveTupleTypeWithBindings
also nulled them. Both now preserve names (synthesizing _<i> for any unnamed
slot), so `t.x` reads/writes by name and `.0` by position.
examples/208. 243 examples + unit green.
packTypeElems now handles a parameterized spread operand F(Ts): for each pack
element T_i it temporarily binds the pack name to T_i and resolves F(T_i),
yielding (VL(T0), VL(T1), ...). Combined with parameterized-protocol value
types, the canonical Combined struct field sources: (..VL(Ts)) now resolves to
a tuple of real protocol values.
End-to-end (examples/207): instantiate Combined(s64, s64, string), whole-store
c.sources = (xx IntCell, xx StrCell), and per-element dispatch c.sources.0.get()
/ c.sources.1.get() all work. 242 examples + unit green.
